Doubt-
->can mother can't be rh+?
-> What will happen when -
Mother is rh+ and father is rh-? will erythroblastic foetalis still happen?
Doubt->
Is it necessary that only antigen presence will make antibody only?
Answers
Answer:
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Explanation:
Rh click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced blood types were discovered in 1940 by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener. This was 40 years after Landsteiner had discovered the ABO blood groups. Over the last half century, we have learned far more about the processes responsible for Rh types. This blood group may be the most complex genetically of all blood type systems since it involves 45 different antigens on the surface of red cells that are controlled by 2 closely linked genes on chromosome 1.
The Rh system was named after rhesus click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced monkeys, since they were initially used in the research to make the antiserum for typing blood samples. If the antiserum agglutinates your red cells, you are Rh+ click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced. If it doesn't, you are Rh- click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced. Despite its actual genetic complexity, the inheritance of this trait usually can be predicted by a simple conceptual model in which there are two alleles, D and d. Individuals who are homozygous dominant (DD) or heterozygous (Dd) are Rh+. Those who are homozygous recessive (dd) are Rh- (i.e., they do not have the key Rh antigens).
Clinically, the Rh factor, like ABO factors, can lead to serious medical complications. The greatest problem with the Rh group is not so much incompatibilities following transfusions (though they can occur) as those between a mother and her developing fetus. Mother-fetus incompatibility occurs when the mother is Rh- (dd) and her fetus is Rh+ (DD or Dd). Maternal antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells. The risk increases with each pregnancy. Europeans are the most likely to have this problem--13% of their newborn babies are at risk. Actually only about ½ of these babies (6% of all European births) have complications. With preventive treatment, this number can be cut down even further. Less than 1% of those treated have trouble. However, Rh blood type incompatibility is still the leading cause of potentially fatal blood related problems of the newborn. In the United States, 1 out of 1000 babies are born with this condition.
Rh type mother-fetus incompatibility occurs only when an Rh+ man fathers a child with an Rh- mother. Since an Rh+ father can have either a DD or Dd genotype, there are 2 mating combinations possible with differing risks as shown below. Regardless of the father's genotype, if he is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, doctors assume that there will be an incompatibility problem and act accordingly.
drawings of two Punnett squares showing the possible Rh positive mates of an Rh negative woman and the probability of their children being Rh positive--100% if the father is homozygous dominant and 50% if he is heterozygous for this trait
drawing of a fetus in its mother's uterus; the placenta and the umbilical cord are highlighted
Human fetus in a mother's uterus
(the umbilical cord and placenta
connect the fetus to its mother)
Keep in mind that only the Rh+ children (Dd) are likely to have medical complications. When both the mother and her fetus are Rh- (dd), the birth will be normal.
The first time an Rh- woman becomes pregnant, there usually are not incompatibility difficulties for her Rh+ fetus. However, the second and subsequent births are likely to have life-threatening problems for Rh+ fetuses. The risk increases with each birth. In order to understand why first born are normally safe and later children are not, it is necessary to understand some of the placenta's functions. It is an organ that connects the fetus to the wall of the uterus via an umbilical cord. Nutrients and the mother's antibodies regularly transfer across the placental boundary into the fetus, but her red blood cells usually do not (except in the case of an accidental rupture). Normally, anti-Rh+ antibodies do not exist in the first-time mother unless she has previously come in contact with Rh+ blood. Therefore, her antibodies are not likely to agglutinate the red blood cells of her Rh+ fetus. Placental ruptures do occur normally at birth so that some fetal blood gets into the mother's system, stimulating the development of antibodies to Rh+ blood antigens. As little as one drop of fetal blood stimulates the production of large amounts of antibodies. When the next pregnancy occurs, a transfer of antibodies from the mother's system once again takes place across the placental boundary into the fetus. The anti-Rh+ antibodies that she now produces react with the fetal blood, causing many of its red cells to burst or agglutinate. As a result, the newborn baby may have a life-threatening anemia because of a lack of oxygen in the blood. The baby also usually is jaundiced,