Dravidians didn't allow the Aryans to establish themselves as a dominant group in India.
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Over the last century or two, the dominant accounts of the caste system have looked for its
roots in the ancient history of India. The story told about the rise of this social system begins
in the era when an alien people called the Aryans is supposed to have invaded the
Subcontinent. The standard version of this history tells us that a people called ‘the Aryans’
invaded India around 1500 BC, conquered the indigenous Dravidians and imposed their
culture, language and religion on the latter. They are said to have brought the Vedic religion,
which later developed into Hinduism and to have instituted the religiously founded caste
system. In this account the idea of the caste system as an intrinsic part of Hinduism was not
only reinforced, the idea of an institutionalized form of discrimination along racial lines was
also added to it. The account about the Aryan invasion originated in the nineteenth century
European descriptions of India and has generally been accepted as a fact about India for the
last 200 years. Even though this standard account has met with severe criticisms (as we will
see further), most contemporary textbooks on Indian history still begin with a section on the
Aryans and their invasion (or immigration) into India. Likewise, standard descriptions of the
caste system still include the idea of a segregation between the Aryans and the Dravidians.
Given the centrality of the Aryans in the descriptions of the caste system, one would
expect there to be a vast amount of literature on how they invaded India, how they conquered
the indigenous population, how they established their authority, how the acculturation process
took place, how they managed to keep the caste system in place and how they managed to
convert the existing population to their religion. Answers to these questions would not only be
of interest to historians. They would give us insight into the core aspects of the Indian culture
and, more generally, into aspects of the interaction between different peoples which result in
acculturation or in inducing changes in a culture or even change of one culture into another. If
it would turn out that no answers are to be found to these questions, however, a different
question arises. In that case we need to understand what makes the account about the Aryan
invasion appear plausible enough to be reproduced for more than 200 years.
In order to get an idea about whether or not these questions have been answered in the
course of the last 200 years, we will take a look at some recent introductions to Indian culture
by authorities in the domain of Indology