Draw a labelled diagram of nephron and describe three process of formation of urine
Answers
Explanation:
The process of urine formation in kidneys include the following steps:
(i) Glomerular filtration - Urine formation begins when the blood is filtered by the glomerulus and enters the Bowman's capsule and the glomerular filtrate is formed. The afferent arteriole entering the glomerulus is wider than the efferent arteriole in diameter. This increases the blood pressure within the glomerulus helps in the filtration. Glomerular filtrate is formed of all blood constituents except corpuscles and plasma proteins.
(ii) Tubular reabsorption - When the glomerular filtrate comes to the proximal tubule then the essential nutrients are reabsorbed. Glucose, amino acids, water, ions like sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, magnesium, calcium are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate. When the filtrate finally comes to the collecting duct ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) acts and reabsorbs the excess water and decreases the urine volume.
(iii) Tubular secretion - When the glomerular filtrate is in the proximal tubule cretinine, uric acid are secreted in it. When the filtrate goes to the distal part urea, potasium ion and some hydrogen ions are secreted in it.
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Within the kidney are small functional units called nephrons, which are made up of glomeruli, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henley's loop, distal convoluted loop, and collecting duct.
Steps of urine formation:
Each kidney is made of millions of nephron. Each nephron has a hollow cup like Bowman’s capsule and a long tubule system following it. Arteriole branching from renal artery make bunches of capillaries,one of which is called a Glomerulus. The first step in the filtration process is when the blood enters the Glomerulus, where it is then pumped through the porous walls into the Bowman’s space. This filtered plasma is mainly water, various salts, urea and glucose. The “glomerular filtrate” then passes through the proximal convoluted tubule , Loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule so that useful substances are re-absorbed by blood present in the capillaries around them.The liquid is now called urine is concentrated and collected in collecting duct and poured in ureters to be carried to urinary bladder. Urine is passed out through urethra, when the urinary bladder is full and due to pressure there is an urge to do so. Sphincter muscles regulate this process.
Osmoregulation and excretion are intimately related, these processes together maintain homeostasis (i.e. staying the same), and are performed by the same set of organs. The kidney is the major organ of osmoregulation and excretion in vertebrates.
