Draw Kitchen of the cell and explain the mechanism of photosynthesis
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Answer:
Photosynthesis is a method of transforming light energy into chemical energy by phototrophs, which is later used to fuel cell functions. Chemical energy is stored in the form of sugars, which are generated from carbon dioxide and water.
Algae also use photosynthesis to turn solar energy into chemical energy.
As a by-product, oxygen is released and light is regarded as a major factor in completing the photosynthesis process.
When plants use light energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, photosynthesis happens.
Microscopic cellular organelles known as chloroplasts are available in leaves.
There is a green-coloured pigment called chlorophyll in each chloroplast.
Chlorophyll molecules absorb light, while carbon dioxide and oxygen enter via the small pores of stomata found in the epidermis of the leaves.
Sugars, including glucose and fructose, are another by-product of photosynthesis.
The roots, stems, leaves, fruits, flowers and seeds are then absorbed by these sugars.
In other words, plants use these sugars as a source of energy, which allows them to grow.
To form more complex carbohydrates such as cellulose and starch, these sugar molecules then bind with each other.
Cellulose is known as the structural material used in the walls of plant cells.
mes, peroxisomes, Nucleus, Nucleolus
Plant Cell Wall
Figure: Diagram of Plant cell wall. Source: Wikipedia
Definition of plant cell wall
It is the rigid outer cover of the plant cell with a major role of protecting the plant cell, giving it, its shape.
Structure of plant cell wall
It is a specialized matrix that covers the surface of the plant cell. Every plant cell has a cell wall layer which is a major distinguishing factor between a plant cell and an animal cell.
The cell wall is made up of two layers, a middle lamella, and a primary cell wall and sometimes a secondary cell wall.
The middle lamella acts as the strengthening layer between the primary walls of the neighboring cells.
The primary wall is made up of cellulose underlying the cells that are dividing and maturing. The primary wall is a lot thinner and less rigid as compared to those of the cells that have reached complete maturation. The thinness allows the cell wall to expand.
After full cell growth, some plants get rid of the primary wall but most, they thicken the primary wall or it makes another layer with rigidity but a different arrangement, known as the secondary wall.
The secondary wall offers permanent stiff mechanical support to the plant cell especially the support found in wood.
In contrast to the permanent stiffness and
Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centers that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that serve as short-term stores of energy, enabling its transfer to drive other reactions: these compounds are reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, long-term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).[5] Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose. In other bacteria, different mechanisms such as the reverse Krebs cycle are used to achieve the same end.
The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, rather than water, as sources of electrons.[6] Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed directly to the oxygenation of the Earth,[7] which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts,[8][9][10] which is about eight times the current power consumption of human civilization.[11] Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 billion tons (91–104 petagrams) of carbon into biomass per year.[12][13] The phenomenon that plants receive some energy from light – in addition to air, soil, and water – was first discovered in 1779 by Jan Ingenhousz.
Schematic of photosynthesis in plants. The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant.
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