Question

draw the structure of coronavirus with proper labelling explain how covid-19 affect the environment
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Answer 1

Answer:

Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins

Fang Li

Additional article information

Abstract

The coronavirus spike protein is a multifunctional molecular machine that mediates coronavirus entry into host cells. It first binds to a receptor on the host cell surface through its S1 subunit and then fuses viral and host membranes through its S2 subunit. Two domains in S1 from different coronaviruses recognize a variety of host receptors, leading to viral attachment. The spike protein exists in two structurally distinct conformations, prefusion and postfusion. The transition from prefusion to postfusion conformation of the spike protein must be triggered, leading to membrane fusion. This article reviews current knowledge about the structures and functions of coronavirus spike proteins, illustrating how the two S1 domains recognize different receptors and how the spike proteins are regulated to undergo conformational transitions. I further discuss the evolution of these two critical functions of coronavirus spike proteins, receptor recognition and membrane fusion, in the context of the corresponding functions from other viruses and host cells.

Keywords: coronavirus spike protein, prefusion conformation, postfusion conformation, receptor binding, membrane fusion, virus origin, virus evolution

INTRODUCTION

Coronaviruses pose serious health threats to humans and other animals. From 2002 to 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infected 8,000 people, with a fatality rate of ~10% (1–4). Since 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has infected more than 1,700 people, with a fatality rate of ~36% (5, 6). Since 2013, porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus (PEDV) has swept throughout the United States, causing an almost 100% fatality rate in piglets and wiping out more than 10% of America’s pig population in less than a year (7–9). In general, coronaviruses cause widespread respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous system diseases in humans and other animals, threatening human health and causing economic loss (10, 11).