drawbacks and postulates of William crookes
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Explanation:
. London, England, 17 June 1832; d. London, 4 April 1919)
chemistry, physics.
Crookes was the eldest son of the sixteen children of Joseph Crookes, a prosperous tailor, by his second wife, Mary Scott. In 1848, after irregular schooling, he received his scholarly introduction to science when he became a student at A. W. Hofmann’s Royal College of Chemistry in London. After gaining the Ashburton Scholarship, he served as Hofmann’s personal assistant from 1850 to 1854 and came to the attention of Faraday at the Royal Institution. Faraday introduced him to Charles Wheatstone and George Stokes, and together the three men were largely responsible for turning Crookes away from traditional chemical problems and toward chemical physics, exemplified then by the optical problems of photography and later by spectroscopy. There are many indications that Crookes consciously modeled himself on Faraday, with whom he shared a brilliant experimental and lecturing ability, a scrupulous orderliness, and an ignorance of mathematics. This ignorance, however, was often masked in later years through his friendship with Stokes, who privately solved many mathematical problems in physics for him. Nevertheless, the rigorous training in analytical techniques that he received under Hofmann remained the foundation for all of Crookes’s subsequent researches and his commercial activities. In 1854, through Wheatstone’s influence, he became superintendent of the meteorological department of the Radcliffe (Astronomical) Observatory at Oxford; and in 1855 he taught chemistry at the College of Science at Chester. Finally, in 1856 he settled in London, where, apart from extensive traveling on business, he attempted to bring his name before the scientific community both as a freelance chemical consultant (using a home laboratory) and as an editor of several photographic and scientific journals. He was nominal editor, and proprietor, of the most successful and important of these journals, Chemical News, from its founding in December 1859 until his death. He was knighted in 1897 and received the Order of Merit in 1910.