drug discovery and development
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the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeuticeffect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.
Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industrycorporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, "expensive, difficult, and inefficient process" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery.[1] In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity was about US$1.8 billion.[2] Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The "final product" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.
Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication.[3] Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.
Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industrycorporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, "expensive, difficult, and inefficient process" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery.[1] In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity was about US$1.8 billion.[2] Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The "final product" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.
Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication.[3] Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.
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Hey dear......
Here is your answer.....
Discovery
1)Typically, researchers discover new drugs through:
2)New insights into a disease process that allow researchers to design a product to stop or reverse the effects of the disease.
3)Many tests of molecular compoundsto find possible beneficial effects against any of a large number of diseases.
4)Existing treatments that have unanticipated effects.
5)New technologies, such as those that provide new ways to target medical products to specific sites within the body or to manipulate genetic material.
6)At this stage in the process, thousands of compounds may be potential candidates for development as a medical treatment. After early testing, however, only a small number of compounds look promising and call for further study.
Development
1) Once researchers identify a promising compound for development, they conduct experiments to gather information on:
2)How it is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted.
3)Its potential benefits and mechanisms of action.
4)The best dosage.
5)The best way to give the drug (such as by mouth or injection).
6)Side effects or adverse events that can often be referred to as toxicity.
7)How it affects different groups of people (such as by gender, race, or ethnicity) differently.
8)How it interacts with other drugs and treatments.
9)Its effectiveness as compared with similar drugs.
Hope it helps you!!!!!
Here is your answer.....
Discovery
1)Typically, researchers discover new drugs through:
2)New insights into a disease process that allow researchers to design a product to stop or reverse the effects of the disease.
3)Many tests of molecular compoundsto find possible beneficial effects against any of a large number of diseases.
4)Existing treatments that have unanticipated effects.
5)New technologies, such as those that provide new ways to target medical products to specific sites within the body or to manipulate genetic material.
6)At this stage in the process, thousands of compounds may be potential candidates for development as a medical treatment. After early testing, however, only a small number of compounds look promising and call for further study.
Development
1) Once researchers identify a promising compound for development, they conduct experiments to gather information on:
2)How it is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted.
3)Its potential benefits and mechanisms of action.
4)The best dosage.
5)The best way to give the drug (such as by mouth or injection).
6)Side effects or adverse events that can often be referred to as toxicity.
7)How it affects different groups of people (such as by gender, race, or ethnicity) differently.
8)How it interacts with other drugs and treatments.
9)Its effectiveness as compared with similar drugs.
Hope it helps you!!!!!
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