During childbirth, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland causes muscles of the mother's uterus (or womb) to contract. The more contractions there are, the more hormone is produced. Which best explains why this occurs? Select three options. a child whose thymus gland is building an immune system that gets stronger each day when someone’s adrenal gland reacts to a scary movie by secreting hormones that make the heart beat quickly when someone's pancreas stops producing the hormone that lowers blood sugar because the person hasn't eaten recently when someone’s pancreas hormone increases every time they eat, but decreases when they aren’t eating when a person takes calcium supplements so a gland will stop secreting a hormone that pulls calcium from the bones
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The endocrine system is made up of glands that make hormones. Hormones are the body's chemical messengers. They carry information and instructions from one set of cells to another.
The endocrine (EN-duh-krin) system influences almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies.
What Does the Endocrine System Do?
Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets the hormones travel to cells in other parts of the body.
The endocrine hormones help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism , and reproduction.
The endocrine system regulates how much of each hormone is released. This can depend on levels of hormones already in the blood, or on levels of other substances in the blood, like calcium. Many things affect hormone levels, such as stress, infection, and changes in the balance of fluid and minerals in blood.
Too much or too little of any hormone can harm the body. Medicines can treat many of these problems.
What Are the Parts of the Endocrine System?
While many parts of the body make hormones, the major glands that make up the endocrine system are the:
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroids
adrenals
pineal body
the ovaries
the testes
The pancreas is part of the endocrine system and the digestive system. That's because it secretes hormones into the bloodstream, and makes and secretes enzymes into the digestive tract.
Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus (hi-po-THAL-uh-mus) is in the lower central part of the brain. It links the endocrine system and nervous system. Nerve cells in the hypothalamus make chemicals that control the release of hormones secreted from the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus gathers information sensed by the brain (such as the surrounding temperature, light exposure, and feelings) and sends it to the pituitary. This information influences the hormones that the pituitary makes and releases.
Pituitary: The pituitary (puh-TOO-uh-ter-ee) gland is at the base of the brain, and is no bigger than a pea. Despite its small size, the pituitary is often called the "master gland." The hormones it makes control many other endocrine glands.
The pituitary gland makes many hormones, such as:
growth hormone, which stimulates the growth of bone and other body tissues and plays a role in the body's handling of nutrients and minerals
prolactin (pro-LAK-tin), which activates milk production in women who are breastfeeding
thyrotropin (thy-ruh-TRO-pin), which stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones
corticotropin (kor-tih-ko-TRO-pin), which stimulates the adrenal gland to make certain hormones
antidiuretic (an-ty-dy-uh-REH-tik) hormone, which helps control body water balance through its effect on the kidneys
oxytocin (ahk-see-TOE-sin), which triggers the contractions of the uterus that happen during labor
The pituitary also secretes endorphins (en-DOR-fins), chemicals that act on the nervous system and reduce feelings of pain. The pituitary also secretes hormones that signal the reproductive organs to make sex hormones. The pituitary gland also controls ovulation and the menstrual cycle in women.
Thyroid: The thyroid (THY-royd) is in the front part of the lower neck. It's shaped like a bow tie or butterfly. It makes the thyroid hormones thyroxine (thy-RAHK-sin) and triiodothyronine (try-eye-oh-doe-THY-ruh-neen). These hormones control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to make energy. The more thyroid hormone there is in the bloodstream, the faster chemical reactions happen in the body.
Thyroid hormones are important because they help kids' and teens' bones grow and develop, and they also play a role in the development of the brain and nervous system.
Parathyroids: Attached to the thyroid are four tiny glands that work together called the parathyroids (par-uh-THY-roydz). They release parathyroid hormone, which controls the level of calcium in the blood with the help of calcitonin (kal-suh-TOE-nin), which the thyroid makes.
Adrenal Glands: These two triangular adrenal (uh-DREE-nul) glands sit on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands have two parts, each of which makes a set of hormones and has a different function:
The outer part is the adrenal cortex. It makes hormones called corticosteroids (kor-tih-ko-STER-oydz) that help control salt and water balance in the body, the body's response to stress, metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function.
The inner part is the adrenal medulla (muh-DUH-luh). It makes catecholamines (kah-tuh-KO-luh-meenz), such as epinephrine (eh-puh-NEH-frun). Also called adrenaline, epinephrine increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body is under stress.
Pineal: The pineal (pih-NEE-ul) body, also called the pineal gland, is in the middle of the brain. It secretes melatonin (meh-luh-TOE-nin), a hormone that may help regulate when we sleep at night and wake in the morning.