During the citric acid cycle, what happens to acetyl-CoA
Answers
Citric acid cycle (CAC) - also known as TCA cycle (Tricharkboxiacic acid cycle) or Krebs cycle, is used by all aerobic organisms to release energy stored through the oxidation of acetic-coa obtained from carbohydrate, fat. Is a series of chemical reactions, and proteins in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and carbon dioxide. In addition, the cycle provides precursor to some amino acids, as well as reducing agent NADH, which is used in many other reactions. Its main importance for many biochemical pathways is that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and it can still be produced by abogenic form despite being branded as 'cycle', for metabolites It is not necessary to follow only a specific route; At least three sections of the citric acid cycle have been identified.
The name of this metabolic pathway is taken as citric acid (a type of tricharkboxiacic acid, often called citrate, because the ionized form occurs in organic pH) which is consumed and then to complete the cycle Reactions are reproduced by this sequence. Chakra acetate (in acetyl-coa) and consumes water, reduces NAD + to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as waste yield. The NADH generated by the citric acid cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphoryllation (electron transport) path. The net result of these two closely linked routes is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.
In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle is in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria that lack mitochondria, the cytrol acid cycle sequence in cytroids is done with protocol gradient with proton gradient for ATP production, which is the surface of the cell rather than the mitochondrion's internal membrane (plasma Membrane). The total yield of energy compounds from the TCA cycle is three NADH, one FAD (2H), and one GTP.
Citric acid cycle is an important metabolic pathway that connects carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Reactions of the cycle are done by eight enzymes which oxidize acetate in the form of acetyl-coa, carbon dioxide and water in each molecule. Through the synthesis of sugars, fats, and proteins, two carbon organic products are acetyl-coa (a form of acetate) that enters the citric acid cycle. Reactions of the cycle nicotinamide also convert the three counterparts of adenine dinucleotide (NAD +) into three counterparts of lower NAD + (NADH), which is equivalent to FADH2 equivalent to Flewin Adenine Dynucleotide (FAD), and an equivalent guanosine deface (Gross domestic product)) and inorganic phosphate (PI) guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in an equivalent. NADH and FADH 2, generated by the citric acid cycle, are used by the oxidative phosphoryllation route to generate energy rich ATP.
One of the primary sources of acetyl-coa is caused by the breakdown of sugars by glycolysis, which produces pyruvate, which, in turn, is decaroxylated by the enzyme pyruvat dehydrogenase generated by acetyl-coa according to the following reaction plan:
CH3C(=O)C(=O)O−pyruvate + HSCoA + NAD+ → CH3C(=O)SCoAacetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2
The result of this reaction, acetyl-coa, is the initial point for the citric acid cycle. Acetyl-CoA can also be obtained from the oxidation of fatty acids. Below is a schematic outline of the circle:
• Citric acid cycle starts with the transfer of two carbon acetyl groups from acetyl-coa to four-carbon acceptable oxaloacetate to form a six-carbon compound (citrate).
• Citrate then goes through a series of chemical changes, loses two carboxyl groups as CO2. Carbon oxycoetset lost in CO2 formation, not directly from acetyl-coa. After the first turn of the carbon citric acid cycle donated by acetyl-coa, oxyxateate carbon becomes part of the spinal cord. For the loss of acetyl-coa-donated carbon as CO2, many turns of citric acid cycle are required. However, due to the role of citric acid cycle in anabolism, they can not be lost, because many citric acid cycles intermediates are also used as precursors for the bio-synthesis of other molecules.
• Most of the energy provided by the oxidative phases of the cycle is transferred as energy rich electrons for NAD + to form NADH. For every acetyl group which moves in the citric acid cycle, three molecules of NADH are created.
In addition, electrons of the successor oxidation phase are first transferred to the FAD cofactor's FAD cofactor, it is reduced to FADH2, and ultimately up to ubiquinone (Q) in the mycochondrial membrane, it is called ubiquinol (QH2). A substrate, which reduces the electron transfer chain at the level of Complex III
• For each NADH and FADH2 produced in the citric acid cycle, respectively, 2.5 and 1.5 ATP molecules are produced in oxidative phosphorylation.
• At the end of each cycle, four carbon oxilosetts have been rebuilt, and the cycle continues.
Overall, pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate—a three-carbon molecule—into acetyl CoA—a two-carbon molecule attached to Coenzyme A—producing an NADH and releasing one carbon dioxide molecule in the process. Acetyl CoA acts as fuel for the citric acid cycle in the next stage of cellular respiration.