During the years following the congress of Vienna, why did the liberal-nationalists go underground? Why the secret societies were formed? Describe their aims and activities with reference to the activities of Mazzini.
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Answers
(i) Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
(ii) To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
(iii) Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom. One such individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini.
(iv) He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were likeminded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.
Answer:
Due to the fear of repression, secret Societies were formed after 1815. After 1815, in order to oppose the monarchical rule, the liberal nationalist of Europe formed many underground societies. Mazzini, a young liberal nationalist, was the first person who founded the most famous secret society called “Carbonari”.