E. Answer the following questions.
1.
Describe the development of art and architecture under the Vijaynagar rulers,
2.
List the achievements of Mahmud Gawan as Prime Minister of Bahamani kingdom.
3. What were the main achievements of Rana Kumbha of Mewar?
4.
Describe the various achievements of Zainul Abidin, the ruler of Kashmir.
5.
List the administrative reforms that brought glory to the Vijaynagar empire.
Answers
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1. Vijayanagar Empire ruled Andhra and Karnataka in addition to Tamil Nadu. They patronised art and sculpture by constructing temples. Mandapams, Gopuram, Kalyana Mandapams and a few small temples. They followed Dravidian style of architecture, the Indo-Sarasonic elements also occupied a prominent place in it.
2.
- The existing four provinces were divided into two each and created eight ‘Tarafs’.
- He reduced the powers of the governors of these ‘Tarafs’ (Provinces).
- In each of these eight ‘Tarafs’ some areas were kept reserve for the control of the Central Government and for their administrative control, officials were appointed by the Centre.
- Orders were issued by him for placing one fort in each province under the charge of the governor and others under the control of military commanders appointed by the Sultan.
- He put a check on the powers of the nobles.
- He introduced a fair system of justice.
- He was the Wazir of Mahmud Shah III A Bahman King.
- He managed the affairs of the state for 18 years.
- He led an expedition against the armies of Khandesh and Orissa.
- Mahmud Gawan invaded the fertile land of Daulatabad ,Berar and Bidar.
3. Kumbha erected a Victory Tower at Chittor as a mark of victory of his conquests. He consolidated the fortification of Chittor and constructed a road running through its seven doors. He constructed the city of Basantpur. He built several inns, palaces, ponds, schools, and temples.
5. There were administrative reforms brought about by the glory of Vijayanagar empire
1. King of the administrative as the head of administration.
2. King to consult and assist six to eight ministerial councils.
3. Empire Department in six provinces each is governed by a governor.
4. The foundation of the administrative structure was spontaneous villages governed by village assemblies.
4.
