(E) Answer the following questions.
1. What do you understand by agriculture?
2. Name the agricultural practices in sequence.
3. Explain the methods of irrigation used in India.
4. Explain how the crops are stored after harvesting them.
5. How is weeding done?
6. How is the field prepared before sowing the seeds?
7. How the fertility of the soil increased?
8. Define the following:
(a) Harvesting (b) Levelling
(c) Weeding
(e) Winnowing (f) Rabi crops
(g) Kharif crops
(d) Threshing
Answers
1.AGRICULTURE-Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock. It includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their distribution to markets. ... These products, as well as the agricultural methods used, may vary from one part of the world to another.
2.The agricultural practises are performed in following sequence:
Preparation of soil.
Sowing the seeds.
Adding manure and fertilizers.
Irrigation.
Weeding.
Adding pesticides.
Harvesting.
Storage
3.Five highly effective methods of irrigation used in India-
Sprinkler irrigation.
Drip irrigation.
Surface irrigation.
Basin irrigation.
Furrow irrigation
4.Harvested grains are usually dried before being stored because moisture encourages the growth of microorganisms. They are then stored in metal or earthen containers, gunny bags or grain silos. The godowns where grains are stored are first fumigated to get rid of pests.
5.In weeding the unwanted plants are grown in crop field are called as weeding. It is required because unwanted plants harm our crops. Weeding involves removal of ubwanted plants called weeds. It is done manually or by spraying weedicides
6.First the fields have to be ploughed with the help of a plough . Ploughing is the process of loosening the soil and bringing more fertile soil to the top. Then the process of levelling takes place with the help of a leveller which crushes big pieces of soil called crumbs . Then the seeds are sown.
7.Soil fertility is the ability of soil to sustain plant growth and optimize crop yield. This can be enhanced through organic and inorganic fertilizers to the soil. Nuclear techniques provide data that enhances soil fertility and crop production while minimizing the environmental impact.
Advancing food security and environmental sustainability in farming systems requires an integrated soil fertility management approach that maximizes crop production while minimizing the mining of soil nutrient reserves and the degradation of the physical and chemical properties of soil that can lead to land degradation, including soil erosion. Such soil fertility management practices include the use of fertilizers, organic inputs, crop rotation with legumes and the use of improved germplasm, combined with the knowledge on how to adapt these practices to local conditions.
8.(a)Harvesting is the process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields
(b) levelling is a measure used in surface irrigation, such as basin and furrow irrigation. It consists of: preparing the irrigation plot in a way that no high and/or low spots disturb the uniform distribution of irrigation water on the field
(c) Weeding means removing of unwanted plants from the crop field,yes it is necessary because unwanted plant reduce the fertility of soil
(e) Winnowing is an agricultural method developed by ancient cultures for separating grain from chaff. It can also be used to remove pests from stored grain. Winnowing usually follows threshing in grain preparation.
(f) The Rabi means, when the crop is harvested. Crops that are grown in the winter season, from November to April are called Rabi Crops. Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard
(g) Kharif crops, monsoon crops or autumn crops are domesticated plants like rice that are cultivated and harvested in India
(d) Threshing is the process of loosening the edible part of grain from the straw to which it is attached. It is the step in grain preparation after reaping. Threshing does not remove the bran from the grain.
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Answer: (1)Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock. It includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their distribution to markets. ... These products, as well as the agricultural methods used, may vary from one part of the world to another
(2)The agricultural practises are performed in following sequence:
Preparation of soil.
Sowing the seeds.
Adding manure and fertilizers.
Irrigation.
Weeding.
Adding pesticides.
Harvesting.
Storage.
(3)There are various types of systems of irrigation practices in different parts of India. Irrigation in India is carried on through wells, tanks, canals, perennial canal, multi-purpose river valley projects.
(4)Harvested grains are usually dried before being stored because moisture encourages the growth of microorganisms. They are then stored in metal or earthen containers, gunny bags or grain silos. The godowns where grains are stored are first fumigated to get rid of pests
(5)In weeding the unwanted plants are grown in crop field are called as weeding. It is required because unwanted plants harm our crops. Weeding involves removal of ubwanted plants called weeds. It is done manually or by spraying weedicides
(6)First the fields have to be ploughed with the help of a plough . Ploughing is the process of loosening the soil and bringing more fertile soil to the top. Then the process of levelling takes place with the help of a leveller which crushes big pieces of soil called crumbs . Then the seeds are sown
(7)Soil fertility can be further improved by incorporating cover crops that add organic matter to the soil, which leads to improved soil structure and promotes a healthy, fertile soil; by using green manure or growing legumes to fix nitrogen from the air through the process of biological nitrogen fixation; by micro-dose
(8) (a)catch or kill (animals) for human consumption.
"the quantity of squid harvested has risen"
remove (cells, tissue, or an organ) from a person or animal for experiment or transplant.
(b)Land levelling is a measure used in surface irrigation, such as basin and furrow irrigation. It consists of: preparing the irrigation plot in a way that no high and/or low spots disturb the uniform distribution of irrigation water on the field
(c)Weeding is the process to remove out the weeds. Weeds are unwanted plants which grown along the useful crops. Weeding is required because weeds are competitive plants as they reduce the useful crop yield by acquiring space, fertilizers and nutrients from the soil.
(d)to free (grain) from the lighter particles of chaff, dirt, etc., especially by throwing it into the air and allowing the wind or a forced current of air to blow away impurities. to drive or blow (chaff, dirt, etc.) away by fanning.
(e)Winnowing is an agricultural method developed by ancient cultures for separating grain from chaff. It can also be used to remove pests from stored grain. Winnowing usually follows threshing in grain preparatio
(f) The Rabi means, when the crop is harvested. Crops that are grown in the winter season, from November to April are called Rabi Crops. Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.
(g)Common kharif crops
Bajra.
Jowar.
Maize (corn)
Millet.
Rice (paddy and deepwater rice)
Soybean.
(h)Threshing is the process of loosening the edible part of grain (or other crop) from the straw to which it is attached. It is the step in grain preparation after reaping. Threshing does not remove the bran from the grain. Threshing may be done by beating the grain using a flail on a threshing floor
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