E. Answer the questions in short.
1. Name the factors responsible for soil formation.
2. How do parent rock materials decide the quality of soil?
3. Explain physical weathering.
4. Explain chemical weathering.
5. A soil profile is divided into how many horizons? Name them.
6. Which horizon of soil profile is concentrated with minerals? Why?
7. What factors are involved in the development of soil profile?
8. What is subsoil?
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Answers
Answer:
1.Parent Rock: The parent rock determines the colour, texture, permeability, chemical property and mineral content of the soil.
Climate: Temperature and rainfall influence the rate of weathering.
Relief: Altitude and slope determine the accumulation of soil at a place.
Flora, fauna and microorganism: These are the biotic factors which affect the rate of humus formation.
Time: Time determines the thickness of soil profile.
2.The parent rock determines the colour, texture, permeability, chemical property and mineral content of the soil.
3. Physical weathering is caused by the effects of changing temperature on rocks, causing the rock to break apart. The process is sometimes assisted by water.
There are two main types of physical weathering:
Freeze-thaw occurs when water continually seeps into cracks, freezes and expands, eventually breaking the rock apart.
Exfoliation occurs as cracks develop parallel to the land surface a consequence of the reduction in pressure during uplift and erosion.
4.Chemical weathering is caused by rain water reacting with the mineral grains in rocks to form new minerals (clays) and soluble salts. These reactions occur particularly when the water is slightly acidic.
5. three
Most soils have three major horizons -- the surface horizon (A), the subsoil (B), and the substratum (C). Some soils have an organic horizon (O) on the surface, but this horizon can also be buried. The master horizon, E, is used for subsurface horizons that have a significant loss of minerals (eluviation).
6. topsoil
The A horizon is the top layer of the mineral soil horizons, often referred to as 'topsoil'. This layer contains dark decomposed organic matter, which is called "humus".
7. time, climate, parent material, topography and relief, and organisms
8. Subsoil is the layer of soil under the topsoil on the surface of the ground. Like topsoil, it is composed of a variable mixture of small particles such as sand, silt and clay, but with a much lower percentage of organic matter and humus.
Clay-based subsoil has been the primary source of material for adobe, cob, rammed earth, wattle and daub, and other earthen construction methods for millennia. Coarse sand, the other ingredient in most of these materials, is also found in subsoil.