Eassy on development of 18th and 19th century
Answers
Answer:The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 to December 31, 1800. During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the American, French, and Haitian revolutions. The age saw violent slave trading and human trafficking on a global scale. The reactions against monarchical and aristocratic power helped fuel the revolutionary responses against it throughout the century. The 19th (nineteenth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1801, and ended on December 31, 1900.
The 19th century saw large amounts of social change; slavery was abolished, and the First and Second Industrial Revolutions (which also overlap with the 18th and 20th centuries, respectively) led to massive urbanization and much higher levels of productivity, profit and prosperity. The Islamic gunpowder empires were formally dissolved and European imperialism brought much of South Asia, Southeast Asia and almost all of Africa under colonial rule.
Explanation:The period is also known as the "century of lights" or the "century of reason". In continental Europe, philosophers dreamed of a brighter age. For some, this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789, though this was later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but in the wake of the French Revolution they feared loss of power and formed broad coalitions for counter-revolution. The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768. As a consequence the empire did not share in Europe's military improvements during the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century.
18th century music includes works characteristic of the Late Baroque period (including Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel) and the classical period (including Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart). It was marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Zulu Kingdom, First French, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. This paved the way for the growing influence of the British Empire, the Russian Empire, the United States, the German Empire (essentially replacing the Holy Roman Empire), the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Italy and Meiji Japan, with the British boasting unchallenged dominance after 1815. After the defeat of the French Empire, and its Indian allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the British and Russian empires expanded greatly, becoming the world's leading powers. The Russian Empire expanded in the Caucasus, central and far eastern Asia.
Explanation:
18th and 19th Centuries
home | 6th-15th centuries | 16-17th centuries | 1901 to World War II | 1945 to 21st century
Sweden, Russia and the Great Northern War, to 1740 – failure and a new age of liberty in Sweden
War in 18th Century Europe to 1763 – conflict over what monarch rules where
Frederick, Maria and Catherine – three monarchs in the Age of Enlightenment
Britain in the mid-1700s – progress in education, commerce and law
The American Revolution – 1707 to 1791, from social change to ratification of the Constitution
First Barbary War – U.S. policies from 1770s to 1805, and Marines to the shores of Tripoli
The French in the mid-1700s – monarchy, church, class, economy
The French Revolution – to 1797, defeat for the Parisian "mob," and Napoleon as First Council.
Britain, Ireland, the U.S. and the War of 1812 – England, its Irish colony and war with France and the U.S.
Haiti, 1789 to 1806 – Independence from French rule, freedom from slavery and continuing violence.
Napoleon's Wars, Mistakes and Fall – Napoleon recklessly drives France to defeat.
Conservative Order and Counter-Enlightenment – victors in Europe oppose revolution
Rebellion in Greece, Spain and Latin America – defying the conservative order
Latin America after Independence – disappointments in South America and Mexico
Britain and the Industrial Revolution, to 1830 – new wealth, poverty and unrest
Reform and Revolution in Europe to 1850 – uprisings across Europe, and reforms
Muslims in the Middle East, 1700 to 1837 – Iran and the Ottoman Empire.
Africa, Empires and Slavery, 1801-60 – guns, war, Arabs, Ottomans, British, Boers and French
Canada and the United States, 1814 to 1846 – migrations, economic developments and slavery
Mexico, the United States and War – Texas and the Alamo, Mexico to 1855, the US and its war with Mexico
The British in Asia – China, India, Ceylon, Burma, Afghanistan, Opium wars and the Sepoy Mutiny
Europeans into Oceania – The British and French in Tahiti, Australia, New Zealand, the Maori
The Crimean War, 1853 to 1856 – the British, French and Turks against Holy Russia
Civil War in the United States – different societies, panic in the South and the war from 1861 to 1865
Reconstruction and Western Expansion – the US South to 1877. Penetrating Indian territories.
The "wild" West and Billy the Kid – New Mexico, politics, law and disorder
The United States, 1871 to 1900 – new fences for agriculture in the West, big industry, reforms, labor unrest
The US Overseas – Cuba, Hawaii and the Philippines
Canada, 1850 to 1900 – Dominion status, economy, westward expansion, rebellion
Russia, 1856 to 1900 – reform, industrialization, student revolutionaries and retrogression
Nationalism and Empire in Europe – unifications, alliances and path to the Great War
The Balkans and Path to the Great War – rebellion against Turkish rule, a conference and German alliances.
Class and Politics in Germany – economic growth, social change, power, wages and the prospect for revolution
More Imperialism – Jamaica, Egypt, Afghanistan, sub-Sahara and Oceania
China's Empire – a multi-ethnic state, including Manchuria and Mongolia, and tributary relations with other states
Japan from Tokugawa to Meiji – restoration of the emperor, economic progress and Japanese imperialism
Korea, to 1900 – indigenous inspiration helps Christianity's success. The French, Chinese, Japanese and Russians
Science and Philosophy
The Enlightenment – contributions from Britain, France and Germany
Optimism, Adam Smith, Liberals and Utopians – 1750 to 1883, economics and social theory
Health, Geology, Biology and Sociology – science, more secularism, Darwin and atheism
Philosophers and Historians – Hegel; Kierkegaard; Schopenhauer; Nietzsche; Treitschke, Gobineau
Karl Marx and Europe – Marx from liberal to communist, and his legacy