Economic situation of tribal people in north east india
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TRIBAL PEOPLES OF EASTERN INDIA India's tribal population, about 83.6 million, constitutes 8 percent of the total population of the country. This population comprises about 461 distinct tribal communities. More than 90 percent of the tribals live in tribal minority states. The tribal minority states spread over a broad girdle in middle India from Gujarat to West Bengal. The tribal majority states like Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland are all located in the northeast region of the country. But less than 10 percent of the total tribal population resides there.
Ethnically, the tribes in eastern India belong to two racial stocks, Proto-Austroloid and Mongoloid. The Proto-Austroloid group is found in Jharkhand, Orissa, and the southern districts of West Bengal, while the Mongoloid group covers the other tribes in Bengal and the Northeast.
The most important tribal communities are: Santhal, Munda, Oraon, and Ho in Jharkhand; the Bhumij, Bhuiya, Gond, Kandha, and Saora in Orissa; the Bhumij, Santhal, Kora, Lepcha, Bhutia, Munda, and Oraon in West Bengal; Kachari, Miri, and Rabha in Assam; the Adi, Nyishi, Apatani, Monpa, and Wancho in Arunachal Pradesh; the Naga in Nagaland; Garo and Khasi in Meghalaya; the Mizo in Mizoram; some Naga tribes, Mac, and Paite in Manipur; and Tripuri, Riang, and Chakma in Tripura.
All these tribes differ in population, levels of sociocultural and economic development, means of subsistence, religion, and language. However, 90 percent of tribal populations reside in villages. There are many tribes spread over more than one state, such as the Santal, Munda, Oraon, the Naga, and the Gond. All these tribes are known as scheduled tribes (STs). This status gives them certain safeguards, as well as certain rights and privileges, and entitles them to additional development funds from the central government. It also provides for reservation in legislatures, services, and educational institutions. Some of these tribal communities have been identified as "primitive tribal groups," characterized as inhabiting preagricultural land and having extremely low levels of literacy. Some of them are found in Jharkhand and Orissa. India's government pays special attention to speeding up their development and saving them from extinction.
The literacy percentage among the STs in eastern India varies between 82 percent in Mizoram and 23 percent in Orissa. The literacy percentage in the middle Indian states is much lower than in the Northeast. Among women, the rates of literacy of the scheduled caste (SC) population are lowest in Jharkhand and Orissa.
The work participation rate of the tribal population is about 50 percent, which is much higher than that of the general population, primarily due to very high rate of work participation among tribal women. The tribal population is largely concentrated in rural areas, which have higher female participation rates than the urban areas. In addition, women are employed in forestry operations, which are largely female-oriented. Since very few tribal girls go to school, they are available for taking up gainful economic activity. Ninety percent of the workers are engaged in the primary sector, about 4 percent in the secondary sector, and 6 percent in the tertiary sector.