educational psychology with its merits and drawbacks
Answers
Explanation:
The following points highlight the top six methods of educational psychology. The methods are: 1 Introspection 2 The Observational Method 3. The Experimental Method 4. The Clinical Method 5. The Genetic or Developmental Method 6. The Testing Methods.
Psychology, we have observed before is a systematic and scientific study of human behaviour. It has its special tools and procedures. These tools and procedures help us in gathering and organising its subject-matter or the essential facts about it. These procedures are called its methods.
These methods have to be scientific, consistent and systematic if the knowledge that we get through them is to be used for scientific purposes. Educational psychology uses all these main methods of psychology. Besides these methods, there are certain other methods that are used by educational psychologists in the collection and organisation of necessary data.
Method 1. Introspection:
(a) The Method:
Introspection is one of the older methods and is peculiar to psychology. It means looking within, looking into the working of our own minds and reporting what we find there. In order words, it is a method of “self-observation “— observation by an individual of his own mental states directly by directing attention towards a particular experience with a particular purpose.
This kind of self-observation, therefore, is not a vague, unsystematic or haphazard observation. For example, a student has been asked to answer a question. He has to recall certain facts learned by him to organise them in a particular manner and then to report what way he tried to recall, what he thought and felt when trying to recall. Thus, it is a method in which the individual observes, analyses and reports his own feelings, thoughts or all that passes in his mind during the course of a mental act or experience.
(b) Advantages:
The method has many advantages. It enables us to understand one’s mental set at a certain time and thus throws light on behaviour, which is reflective of mental experience. Mere objective and direct observation of a person is not enough. We need to know what is going on in the mind of that person. An artist is painting a picture. We observe him carefully and find that, he is sitting absorbed in a certain posture, that he makes certain gestures or that he is mixing such and such colours.
But how he is doing it, what feelings and thoughts are passing his mind, we can learn only when he introspects his own mind and reports. Then alone, we are in a position to understand fully his act or behaviour of painting. Again, the method does not entail any expenses. There is no need for any laboratory or apparatus. We obtain a direct knowledge of the mental experience of the individual.
(c) Objections:
Several objections have been raised against this method by later psychologists i.e., after Titchner. It is a purely private affair. The results of introspection are only subjective. Something is going on in another person’s mind; it is not accessible to me or to you. Hence, it cannot be verified by other observers. What cannot be verified or repeated by others lack scientific validity. The essence of science is controlled observation under experimental conditions. Scientific results are always verifiable. Hence, introspection is regarded as an unscientific method.
Another difficulty of the method is that it may destroy the very experience or process it aims at studying. Our immediate memory can come to our rescue and we can recall the process to a large extent. Thus introspection actually becomes retrospection. Besides, this method cannot be found useful in studying children, animals, insane people and mental defective or those who are not good at linguistic expression. This is a limitation of the method.
(d) Forms:
One of the forms of introspection that is used in educational psychology is the anecdotal method. It consists of the recording of personal impressions about some aspect of pupil behaviour which seems significant to the observer. According to Brown and Martin, “anecdotes are descriptive accounts of episodes or occurrences in the daily life of the student.” These accounts are written out of memory of the teacher or observer.
The method is open to criticism since the teacher or observer may have missed certain things or may not remember accurately. He may also be influenced by suggestion.
The questionnaire is another form of the introspective method, which is used in the appraisal of personal qualities, attitudes, opinions and beliefs of individuals. Galton used this method in his study of individual differences and Stanley Hall in his study of childhood and adolescence.
A questionnaire is a series of printed or written questions which