Effects of antimicrobials from endophytes in molecular level
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effects of antimicrobial from endophytic in molecular level
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Endophytic fungi, which have been reported in numerous plant species, are important components of the forest community and contribute significantly to the diversity of natural ecosystems.
Objectives:
The current study aimed to evaluate and characterize, at the molecular level, the diversity and antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants in Saudi Arabia.
Materials and Methods:
Fungi growing on plant segments were isolated and identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics. The isolates were grouped into 35 distinct operational taxonomic units, based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer regions in therRNA gene. The colonization frequency and the dominant fungi percentage of these endophytic fungi were calculated. A dual culture technique was adopted to investigate the antifungal activity of these endophytes.
Results:
Tamarix nilotica showed the highest endophytic diversity with a relative frequency of 27.27%, followed byCressa cretica with a relative frequency of 19.27%. The most frequently isolated species wasPenicillium chrysogenum with an overall colonization rate of 98.57%. Seven out of 35 endophytic fungi exhibited strong antifungal activity to all plant fungal pathogens tested.P. chrysogenum, Fusarium oxysporum, and F. nygamaiexhibited the highest inhibition against the human pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Aspergillus sydowii, P. chrysogenum, and Eupenicillium crustaceum showed strong antimicrobial activity againstEnterococcus faecalis.
Conclusions:
The antimicrobial activity of these endophytic microorganisms could be exploited in biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture.
Keywords: Endophytic Fungi, Medicinal Plants, Antimicrobial Activity
1. Background
Epiphytic or endophytic fungi spend a part of their lifecycle outside or inside leaf tissues, with no negative impact on the host (1). Endophytic fungi, which have been reported in numerous plant species, are important components of the forest community and significantly contribute to the diversity of natural ecosystems (2). It has also been shown that some fungal endophytes can produce various bioactive chemicals and have potential applications in biocontrol and resistance (3). They play important roles in recycling nutrients in natural ecosystems (4,5). Medicinal plants represent an important health and economic component of biodiversity; therefore, it is essential to make a complete inventory of the medicinal components of each country’s flora, in order to facilitate conservation and sustainable use (6). According to Mossa et al. (7), the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia possesses a wide range of flora, consisting of a large number of medicinal herbs, shrubs, and trees; folk medicine has been practiced since time immemorial.
Previous studies have reported the isolation and identification of endophytic fungi and bacteria from medicinal plants such as Cressa cretica, Achillea fragrantissima, andArtemisia species (8-10). A few other studies have evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the fungal endophytes against plant pathogenic fungi such asNeurospora sp. (11), Magnaporthe grisea, Corticium sasakii, Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans,Puccinia recondita, Blumeria graminis (12), Alternaria alternata,Fusarium oxysporum, B. cinerea, and Pythium ultimum (13).
2. Objectives
In the present investigation, we evaluated the diversity of endophytic fungi colonizing seven species of medicinal plants (Alhagi graecorum, C. cretica, Citrullus colocynthis, Tamarix nilotica, A. fragrantissima, Artemisia sieberi, and Neurospora retusa), collected from salt marshes of the Al-Gouf governorate in North Saudi Arabia. The molecular characterization and antimicrobial activity of these isolates were investigated.
Objectives:
The current study aimed to evaluate and characterize, at the molecular level, the diversity and antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants in Saudi Arabia.
Materials and Methods:
Fungi growing on plant segments were isolated and identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics. The isolates were grouped into 35 distinct operational taxonomic units, based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer regions in therRNA gene. The colonization frequency and the dominant fungi percentage of these endophytic fungi were calculated. A dual culture technique was adopted to investigate the antifungal activity of these endophytes.
Results:
Tamarix nilotica showed the highest endophytic diversity with a relative frequency of 27.27%, followed byCressa cretica with a relative frequency of 19.27%. The most frequently isolated species wasPenicillium chrysogenum with an overall colonization rate of 98.57%. Seven out of 35 endophytic fungi exhibited strong antifungal activity to all plant fungal pathogens tested.P. chrysogenum, Fusarium oxysporum, and F. nygamaiexhibited the highest inhibition against the human pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Aspergillus sydowii, P. chrysogenum, and Eupenicillium crustaceum showed strong antimicrobial activity againstEnterococcus faecalis.
Conclusions:
The antimicrobial activity of these endophytic microorganisms could be exploited in biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture.
Keywords: Endophytic Fungi, Medicinal Plants, Antimicrobial Activity
1. Background
Epiphytic or endophytic fungi spend a part of their lifecycle outside or inside leaf tissues, with no negative impact on the host (1). Endophytic fungi, which have been reported in numerous plant species, are important components of the forest community and significantly contribute to the diversity of natural ecosystems (2). It has also been shown that some fungal endophytes can produce various bioactive chemicals and have potential applications in biocontrol and resistance (3). They play important roles in recycling nutrients in natural ecosystems (4,5). Medicinal plants represent an important health and economic component of biodiversity; therefore, it is essential to make a complete inventory of the medicinal components of each country’s flora, in order to facilitate conservation and sustainable use (6). According to Mossa et al. (7), the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia possesses a wide range of flora, consisting of a large number of medicinal herbs, shrubs, and trees; folk medicine has been practiced since time immemorial.
Previous studies have reported the isolation and identification of endophytic fungi and bacteria from medicinal plants such as Cressa cretica, Achillea fragrantissima, andArtemisia species (8-10). A few other studies have evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the fungal endophytes against plant pathogenic fungi such asNeurospora sp. (11), Magnaporthe grisea, Corticium sasakii, Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans,Puccinia recondita, Blumeria graminis (12), Alternaria alternata,Fusarium oxysporum, B. cinerea, and Pythium ultimum (13).
2. Objectives
In the present investigation, we evaluated the diversity of endophytic fungi colonizing seven species of medicinal plants (Alhagi graecorum, C. cretica, Citrullus colocynthis, Tamarix nilotica, A. fragrantissima, Artemisia sieberi, and Neurospora retusa), collected from salt marshes of the Al-Gouf governorate in North Saudi Arabia. The molecular characterization and antimicrobial activity of these isolates were investigated.
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