effects of disasters.
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1. There is a relationship between the type of disaster and its effect on health. This is particularly true of the immediate impact in causing injuries. For example, earthquakes cause many injuries requiring medical care, while floods and tidal waves cause relatively few.
2. Some effects are a potential, rather than an inevitable, threat to health. For example, population movement and other environmental changes may lead to increased risk of disease transmission, although epidemics generally do not result from natural disasters.
3. The actual and potential health risks after a disaster do not all occur at the same time. Instead, they tend to arise at different times and to vary in importance within a disaster-affected area. Thus, casualties occur mainly at the time and place of impact and require immediate medical care, while the risks of increased disease transmission take longer to develop and are greatest where there is overcrowding and standards of sanitation have declined.
4. Disaster-created needs for food, shelter, and primary health care are usually not total. Even displaced people often salvage some of the basic necessities of life. Furthermore, people generally recover quickly from their immediate shock and spontaneously engage in search and rescue, transport of the injured, and other private relief activities.
5. Civil wars and conflicts generate a distinct set of public health problems and operational constraints. They are not covered in any depth in this publication.