Question

Effects of globalization in reducing genetic diversity in agriculture .you may use the following points:1) How it is responsible for the loss of crop varieties/ wild relatives of food plants.2) Loss of live stocks breeds.3)Loss of indigenous variety because of introduction of new exotic species of plants and animals.Explain in 2-3 pages.please answer fast??

Answer 1

GLOBALISATION, A TERM that was used infrequently before the 1990s, is now in common parlance. It refers primarily to an economic system in which raw materials, manufactured goods, intellectual property and financial transactions flow freely (although not equally) across international borders under the super­vision only of an international trade authority. It also refers to the homogenisation of language and cultural identity that accompanies this flux of material, ideas and money. Despite its growing strength, the side effects of this pervasive economic strategy remain poorly understood, perhaps because the great majority of them are indirect. This is especially true of the environmental effects. The march of globalisation is often described as inexorable, leading to a final state in which a few, very large corporations dominate world commerce, under the regulation not of nation states but one or a small number of regulatory bodies. These bodies are not run by statesmen, jurists or ecologists, but by economists whose viewpoints harmonise with those of the multinationals they regulate.

The spread of globalisation has been so rapid and comprehensive that its effects are being felt in the smallest and most remote human communities and natural areas in both developed and undeveloped countries. Indeed, the words 'developed' and 'undeveloped' assume a direction and inevitability of change towards a uni­form economic condition that leaves no alternatives. Nevertheless, it would be unwise to accept the assumption that globalisation as an economic system is here to stay, although many of its more profound environmental consequences are likely to prove extremely long-lasting. Immense power always creates an impres­sion of permanence, but a conjunction of formidable limiting factors is even now acting to curb and modify the process of globalisation-perhaps to end it altogether.

In this article, I first describe the principal biological, environmental, social and spiritual effects of globalisation, then discuss the limiting factors that are likely to alter its course and the actions that will have to be taken to maintain the stability of both environment and society.


   The Effects of Globalisation 

Nobody knows all of the environmental and social effects of globalisation. The following listing is necessarily incomplete and brief. I have devoted the most space to the biological effects of globalisation. Items are in no particular order.

Loss of Biodiversity 

Reduced Genetic Diversity in Agriculture A profound reduction of genetic diversity in agriculture is now underway. The process has been well­documented for food plants, and pertains to vegetables, grains and tree crops. Since 1970, pharmaceutical, petrochemical and other transnational corporations have purchased more than 1,000 once-independent seed companies (Fowler and Mooney 1990; Hobbelink 1991; RAFI 1998, 1999, 2001). Loss of germplasm occurs as transnationals drop all but the most profitable seed varieties from their inventories. For example, the fifth edition of the Garden Seed Inventory (Seed Savers Exchange 1999), a list of all commercially available, non-hybrid vegetable varieties in the United States and Canada, shows that sugar beets, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, onions and garden peas lost an average of 41 per cent of named vari­eties between 1981 and 1998. New commercial varieties also appeared during this time, but these were mostly introduced by tiny, independent seed companies, some of them non-profit, and typically represent the commercialisation of pre­existing private varieties, not the result of new breeding efforts.

It is likely that losses of non-commercial varieties maintained by individual farmers, especially in Third World countries, are even greater, as representatives of giant seed corporations reach more and more agricultural areas that have been hitherto isolated from global trade. When this happens, local farmers drop a wealth of existing varieties in favour of the new, commercial, 'high-yielding' seeds. Ac­cording to H. Sudarshan (Ramprasad 2002), over the last half-century, India has probably grown over 30,000 different indigenous varieties or landraces of rice. This situation has, in the last 20 years, changed drastically and it is predicted that in another 20 years, rice diversity will be reduced to 50 varieties, with the top 10 accounting for over three-quarters of the sub-continent's rice acreage.



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Answer 2

1) The globalization is causing the loss of biodiversity that is having a great impact on various matters of the environment.

All the domestically used food crops have their wild varieties that serve as good resources of genes, which can be beneficial for inducing resistance against various diseases, pests, male sterility and environmental changes.

But the numbers of these wild varieties are decreasing very rapidly in their birth places due to the globalization activities, like the development and conversion of lands, more uses of herbicides, and extra grazing of grasses.

2) Due to the globalization, the numbers of breeds of the live stocks are decreasing very fast.

Many breeds of the goats, pigs, sheep, cattle and water buffalo are becoming extinct now, due to the lack of proper foods, clean water and suitable places for living in the modern world.

Many parts of Africa and Asia are experiencing this huge loss of animal breeds.

3) As the newly genetically engineered varieties of plants and animals are introduced, the previous species are facing threats of extinction.

It is found that the excessive fish farming, road developments, mining, environmental pollution and land clearance for cultivating new varieties of crops have resulted in the untimely ending of many natural plants and animals.