Elaborate on any one of the cultural challenge below Racism, Religion and Social stratification and explain using examples with the coming of the various ethnic groups, how it was seen as a cultural challenge.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Racial discrimination persists and profoundly affects the life chances and routine situations of everyday life for racial minorities in the United States (Essed 1991; Feagin 1991). Despite the persistence of racism, the influence of racial discrimination on social behaviors remains extremely underdeveloped (Brown 2008). Criminal behavior is no exception. Although scholars have long been interested in explaining racial disparities in street crime—the idea that racial discrimination might be implicated in offending was presented as early as 1899 by Du Bois (“In the case of the Negro there were special causes for the prevalence of crime … he was the object of stinging oppression and ridicule, and paths of advancement open to many were closed to him.” [p. 241])—until very recently the idea that personal experiences with racial discrimination are directly implicated in the etiology of offending has been largely unexplored. This neglect is all the more remarkable given the evidence that African Americans, particularly males, engage in more street crime than do whites (Hawkins et al. 2000).1
Early sociological explanations of African Americans’ higher rate of offending centered not on the structural constraints imposed by racial stratification, but on the existence of ostensibly unique aspects of minority culture that subvert conventional behavior and encourage crime and violence (e.g., Miller 1958; Wolfgang and Ferracuti 1967). More recent structural perspectives explicitly incorporate racialized structural constraints, even institutional discrimination, and, yet, the proximal mechanism explaining offending among African Americans in these accounts remains deviant or dysfunctional cultural adaptations (Anderson 1999; Massey and Denton 1993; Oliver 1994; Sampson and Wilson 1995).