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2) What help do plants get from the environment?
forest fertile?
Answers
Answer:
2)Forests and trees make an essential contribution to food security by helping to maintain the environmental conditions needed for agricultural production. They stabilize the soil, prevent erosion, enhance the land's capacity to store water, and moderate air and soil temperatures.
Explanation:
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Trees planted near agricultural land offer many environmental benefits: they provide simile, reduce erosion, increase soil fertility, lower water tables, lessen the risks of salinization, and help stabilize water supplies. Forests and trees make an essential contribution to food security by helping to maintain the environmental conditions needed for agricultural production. They stabilize the soil, prevent erosion, enhance the land's capacity to store water, and moderate air and soil temperatures. The importance of these effects has often been ignored in the past, with the clearance of tree vegetation and the subsequent loss of millions of hectares of productive land. Furthermore, as forests continue to be cleared-exposing the land to direct attack from wind and rain-soil erosion and land degradation are still undermining agriculture's resource base.
Soil erosion
On the vast flood plains of the Indian subcontinent, floods which formerly occurred once every ten years now come every year. The 15 million people living on the densely-rivered delta of Bangladesh will face worse flooding in the future because sediment from floods is filling the river basins and thus extending the spread of future flooding. Much of the increased flooding in lowland areas has been attributed to the continued felling of the Himalayan forest-the rhododendron forests in the Himalayas are expected to disappear within 30 years. Though far from Bangladesh, it is in this mountainous region that the rivers rise which eventually flow down to the plains of the Indian subcontinent. The destruction of forests upstream affects the flow of these rivers and the amount of sediment they carry, and therefore increases the magnitude of flooding downstream. The rate at which soil erosion occurs depends critically on the land's vegetative cover. Remove it, and the soil begins to crumble: bare soil offers no protection against the ravages of wind and rain. The ground cover and litter layer beneath the forest canopy are perhaps the best protection there is against erosion, and are even more important than trees themselves in preventing erosion. Erosion beneath teak plantations in Trinidad, for example, was traced to a lack of understorey vegetation and surface litter. Studies have shown that the more closely an agricultural system resembles a natural forest in its canopy structure, tree spacing and ground cover, the less chance there is of soil erosion. Traditional agroforestry techniques, which provide natural cover, have been used for centuries to produce food without causing long-term damage to the environment.
Agroforestry systems improve soil fertility and reduce soil erosion.
Food producers in Amazonian Ecuador, for example, combine a system of trees, ground cover and livestock grazing that maintains the soil's stability and rapidly improves the soil during the fallow period. Such agroforestry techniques are now being used in many countries to increase food production, check soil erosion and reduce flooding. Soil erosion leads directly to an increase in the amount of sediment in rivers. The effects are both harmful and costly, as sediment buries crops, clogs fish gills, damages marine fisheries, seagrass beds and coral reefs, impairs drinking water quality, reduces the capacity of irrigation reservoirs and clogs irrigation canals. Sediment also fills flood control dams, leading to a vicious circle in which the effects of one year's floods guarantee worse flooding in subsequent years. The reforestation of erosion-prone areas can prevent these disastrous effects. In parts of Indonesia, reforestation has reduced sedimentation rates in downstream valleys by as much as two-thirds. Trees are also being used in both developed and developing countries as windbreaks to shelter crops, prevent erosion and protect the soil. Trees reduce wind speeds, thus protecting crops, water sources, soils and settlements, and enhancing agricultural yields. In arid and semi-arid parts of the world trees are used to slow down the expansion of the deserts and stabilize sand dunes so that crops can be grown. In Chad and Niger, wide expanses of crop land are now protected from desertification by multi-species shelter belts. As well as offering protection from the ravages of the wind, shelter belts protect crops from grazing animals and provide a source of fuelwood, food and fodder-scarce commodities in many arid and semi-arid regions. The belts also reduce the rate of water lost by the crops through evapotranspiration. As a result, the crops need less water. In coastal areas, trees planted as salt breaks can allow cropping nearer to the sea. Such salt breaks also offer protection against wave damage during storms, and reduce the chances of flooding and physical damage to inland areas from tide surges.