Enlist the functions of golgi apparatus.
Answers
Explanation:
The golgi apparatus is a membrane bound organelle found in most cells. It is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles prior to secretion and therefore plays a key role in the secretory pathway.
In this article we shall look at the structure and function of the golgi apparatus and its role in Wilson’s disease.
Structure
The golgi is made of 5-8 folds called cisternae. The cisternae contain specific enzymes creating five functional regions which modify proteins passing through them in a stereotypical way, as follows:
Cis-Golgi network: faces the nucleus, forms a connection with the endoplasmic reticulum and is the entry point into the Golgi apparatus.
Cis-Golgi: major processing area allowing biochemical modifications.
Medial-Golgi: major processing area allowing biochemical modifications.
Trans-Golgi: major processing area allowing biochemical modifications.
Trans-Golgi network: exit point for vesicles budding off the Golgi surface, packages and sorts biochemicals into the vesicles according to their destination.
Function
The golgi apparatus modifies proteins and lipids that is receives from the endoplasmic reticulum. These biochemicals leave the golgi by exocytosis before being delivered to different intracellular or extracellular targets.
Protein processing – carbohydrate regions of glycoproteins are altered by addition, removal or modification of carbohydrates.
Lipid processing – adds phosphate groups and glycoproteins to lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum (such as cholesterol) to create the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane.
Sorting, Budding and Exocytosis
Biochemicals are chemically labelled in the golgi to ensure appropriate delivery to the correct destination. Once they bud off the trans-Golgi they will enter a specific pathway according to this signalling sequence.
Lysosomal proteins – such as enzymes are packaged into specific vesicles. These proteins are typically tagged with mannose-6-phosphate in the Golgi
Secretory proteins – such as hormones are packaged into secretory vesicles ready for exocytosis. This requires ATP as two negatively charged membranes need to fuse to allow their release. The membrane of the vesicle will form part of the cell membrane. This is only possible in Golgi of secretory cells.
Cell surface proteins – such as phospholipids enter the constitutive secretory pathway present in all cells
Explanation:
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