ensure smooth movement traffic
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INTRODUCTION Now a day’s transportation is one of the most burning issues in every territory of the world. Every country is approaching differently according to their needs and solving their transportations problems within their capabilities. In designing buildings we need to determine loads coming to the structure to calculate reinforcement to be provided for safe functioning of the structure. Here in transportation volume serves the same purpose. For planning, designing and operation of transportation system the first and foremost requirement is volume. Volume is simply the number of vehicles passing a section of a roadway. Expressing traffic volume as number of vehicles passing a given section of road or traffic lane per unit time will be inappropriate when several types of vehicles with widely varying static and dynamic characteristics are comprised in the traffic. Due to lack of proper implementation of transport planning and effective management, streets of Narsapur ‘X’ Road to Shobana Theatre, have become over numbered with vehicles and remain motionless for hours in both peak and off-peak periods. Identification of inherent weakness of interrupted traffic flow like total number of interruptions during a vehicle trip is prerequisite to confirm the smooth flow of vehicle and minimize the undesirable time killing of road users. In civil engineering, traffic flow is the study of interactions between travelers (including pedestrians, cyclists, drivers and their vehicles) and infrastructure (including highways, signage, and traffic control devices), with the aim of understanding and developing an optimal transport network with efficient movement of traffic and minimal traffic congestion problems. Traffic behaves in a complex and nonlinear way, depending on the interactions of a large number of vehicles. Due to the individual reactions of human drivers, vehicles do not interact simply following the laws of mechanics, but rather display cluster formation and shock wave propagation both forward and backward, depending on vehicle density. Some mathematical models of traffic flow use a vertical queue assumption, in which the vehicles along a congested link do not spill back along the length of the link.
3. 3 In a free-flowing network, traffic flow theory refers to the traffic stream variables of speed, flow, and concentration. These relationships are mainly concerned with uninterrupted traffic flow, primarily found on freeways or expressways. Flow conditions are considered "free" when less than 12 vehicles per mile are on a road. "Stable" is sometimes described as 12–30 vehicles per mile per lane. As the density reaches the maximum flow rate (or flux) and exceeds the optimum density (above 30 vehicles per mile), traffic flow becomes unstable, and even a minor incident can result in persistent stop-and-go driving conditions. A "breakdown" condition occurs when traffic becomes unstable and exceeds 67 vehicles per mile. "Jam density" refers to extreme traffic density when traffic flow stops completely, usually in the range of 185–250 vehicles per mile per lane. However, calculations about congested networks are more complex and rely more on empirical studies and extrapolations from actual road counts. Because these are often urban or suburban in nature, other factors (such as road-user safety and environmental considerations) also influence the optimum conditions. There are common spatiotemporal empirical features of traffic congestion that are qualitatively the same for different highways in different countries, measured during years of traffic observations. Some of these common features of traffic congestion define synchronized flow and wide moving jam traffic phases of congested traffic in Kerner’s three-phase traffic theory of traffic flow. There are three main variables to visualize a traffic stream: speed (v), density (k), and flow. Traffic flow is generally constrained along a one-dimensional pathway (e.g. a travel lane). A time-space diagram shows graphically the flow of vehicles along a pathway over time. Time is displayed along the horizontal axis, and distance is shown along the vertical axis. Traffic flow in a time-space diagram is represented by the individual trajectory lines of individual vehicles. Vehicles following each other along a given travel lane will have parallel trajectories, and trajectories will cross when one vehicle passes another. Time-space diagrams are useful tools for displaying and analyzing the traffic flow characteristics of a given roadway segment over time (e.g. analyzing traffic flow congestion