Enumerate the assumptions of Mc Gregor’s Theory X and Theory Y. Which one is
presently applicable in India and why?
Answers
Answer : Introduction to the Theory:
Douglas McGregor introduced these two theories i.e., Theory X and Theory, based on two distinct views of human beings. He proposed, at opposite extremes two pairs of assumptions about human beings which he thought were implied by the actions of the managers. Theory X deals with one extreme, based on one set of assumptions and Theory Y, deals with another extreme based on another set of assumptions. These theories are not based on any research, but according to McGregor, these are intuitive deductions.
Theory X:
This theory is based on the traditional approach to human behaviour.
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The assumptions generally, held by the managers in this theory are:
1. The average human beings inherently dislike work and will try to avoid it, whenever possible.
2. As the employees are lazy, they must be controlled, coerced, threatened with punishment to achieve goals, to which they are indifferent.
3. Average employees will try to avoid responsibility and seek formal directions whenever possible, because they have relatively little ambition.
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4. Most workers place security above all other factors associated with work. These assumptions about human nature are negative in their approach. Managers who advocate these views feel that extreme control is most appropriate for dealing with irresponsible and immature employees. This is an autocratic style of leadership based on the traditional theory of what workers are like and what management must do to motivate them. Workers have to be persuaded and pushed into performance.
Theory Y:
This approach assumes that management by direction and control is a questionable method for motivating such people whose physiological and social needs have been satisfied and whose social esteem and self actualization needs are becoming more important. For such people, Theory Y seems to be applicable, which is the contrast of Theory X.
This theory makes the following assumptions about people:
1. The average human being does not inherently dislike work. He can view work as natural or enjoyable as rest or play.
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2. Employees will exercise self direction and self control in the attainment of the objectives to which they are committed.
3. Given proper working conditions, average person can learn to accept and even to seek responsibility.
4. Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement.
5. All the people are capable of making innovative & creative decisions and the decision making is not the sole province of the people in management positions.
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This theory has assumed a new approach in management. It emphasizes on co-operation between management and employees. The individual and organisational goals do not conflict in this approach. This theory places greater emphasis on satisfaction of high level needs of the employees. McGregor himself holds that the assumptions of theory Y are more valid than Theory X. Thus, delegation of authority, job enlargement, management by objectives and participative management techniques are great motivators for the employee.
Applicability of Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X and the Theory Y represent two extremes. No person can belong to these two extreme situations. Each person possesses the traits of Theory X and theory Y, though the degrees may be different under different situations. Though, no generalizations can be made, still it appears that theory X is more applicable to unskilled and uneducated lower class workers who work for the satisfaction of their physiological needs only. Theory Y appears to be applicable to the educated, skilled and professional employees who understand their responsibilities and do not need any direction and control. However, there can be exceptions.
A lower level employee may be more responsible and mature than a well qualified high level employee. Still these theories are very important tools in understanding the behaviour of human being and in designing the motivational schemes. The management should use a combination of both the theories to motivate different employees.
Mc Gregor Theory X and Y
Explanation:
The theory basically explains the thinking of the Management towards its
workers regarding their approach towards the work allotted to them.
1.Theory X believes that workers are not interested in their work, they have to be treated with sternly
2. They have to be controlled , disciplined and have to be treated harshly.
3.Theory Y believes that workers are keenly and deeply interested to do their work.
4. They are self motivated , disciplined , efficient , want to progress and grow and see their company making rapid progress.
5.The management and the workers both have an enlightened approach towards the work.
6. In India in respect of unskilled and semi skilled workers Theory X may be applicable but in respect of highly skilled workers and workers in specialized fields Theory Y will be applicable.
Thus the application of the Theory will depend on the type of workers and the industry type in India.