Question

Environmental regulation of eukaryotic gene transcription

Answer 1

Hey!!

Eukaryotic gene expression can be regulated at many stages

Eukaryotic gene expression involves many steps, and almost all of them can be regulated. Different genes are regulated at different points, and it’s not uncommon for a gene (particularly an important or powerful one) to be regulated at multiple steps.

Chromatin accessibility. The structure of chromatin (DNA and its organizing proteins) can be regulated. More open or “relaxed” chromatin makes a gene more available for transcription.

Transcription. Transcription is a key regulatory point for many genes. Sets of transcription factor proteins bind to specific DNA sequences in or near a gene and promote or repress its transcription into an RNA.

RNA processing. Splicing, capping, and addition of a poly-A tail to an RNA molecule can be regulated, and so can exit from the nucleus. Different mRNAs may be made from the same pre-mRNA by alternative splicing.

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Answer 2

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•Transcription is the process of synthesis of RNA from DNA template.

•A segment of DNA gets copied into mRNA during the process.

•The process of transcription starts at the promoter region of the template DNA and terminates at the terminator region.

•The segment of DNA between these two regions is known as transcription unit.

•The transcription requires RNA polymerase enzyme, a DNA template, four types of ribonucleotides, and certain cofactors such as Mg2+.

•The three important events that occur during the process of transcription are as follows.

(i) Initiation

(ii) Elongation

(iii) Termination

•The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and certain initiation factors (σ) bind at the double stranded DNA at the promoter region of the template strand and initiate the process of transcription.

•RNA polymerase moves along the DNA and leads to the unwinding of DNA duplex into two separate strands.

•Then, one of the strands, called sense strand, acts as template for mRNA synthesis.

•The enzyme, RNA polymerase, utilizes nucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) as raw material and polymerizes them to form mRNA according to the complementary bases present on the template DNA.

•This process of opening of helix and elongation of polynucleotide chain continues until the enzyme reaches the terminator region.

•As RNA polymerase reaches the terminator region, the newly synthesized mRNA transcripted along with enzyme is released.

•Another factor called terminator factor (ρ) is required for the termination of the transcription.