Epigenetic mechanisms influence biology, cognition, and behavior through an influence on
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In the past decade, there have been exciting advances in the field of behavioral epigenetics that have provided new insights into a biological basis of neural and behavioral effects of gene-environment interactions. We now understand that changes in the activity of genes established through epigenetic alterations occur as a consequence of exposure to environmental adversity, social stress, and traumatic experiences. DNA methylation in particular has thus emerged as a leading candidate biological pathway linking gene-environment interactions to long-term and even multi-generational trajectories in behavioral development, including the vulnerability and resilience to psychopathology. To highlight advances concerning this theme I will first discuss what we have learned from studies using animal models with relevance to developmental psychopathology and from studies in which the translation of these findings has been made to humans. Second, I will highlight studies concerning the significance of DNA methylation alterations in outcomes associated with stress exposure later in life and dysfunction in the form of neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, I will discuss several unanswered questions that once addressed, hold promise to advance our understanding of epigenetics both as a mechanism by which the environment can contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders and as an avenue for more effective intervention and treatment strategies.
Keywords: epigenetics, DNA methylation, psychopathology, early-life stress, trauma
Psychological and social-contextual factors are recognized for their ability to produce profound effects on brain development and plasticity, and in turn, their influence on the development of behavior. Mechanisms underlying these environmentally-driven phenomena are not fully understood, but over the past decade the birth of epigenetics research has caused a paradigm shift to occur with respect to our understanding of gene-environment interactions in this capacity. It has become clear that epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation (Figure 1) actively regulate our genomes in response to environmental input, and are poised to do so not just during early-life development but as we develop throughout the lifespan. One alluring aspect of epigenetic regulation of gene expression that has emerged too is its capability to drive long-term and even multi-generational trajectories in behavioral development. The birth of epigenetics research has thus provided an exciting new level of analysis for understanding tenets central to the discipline of developmental psychopathology.
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