एस्से ऑन इंडियन मीडिया in English
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The Indian media consists of several different types of communications of mass media: television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based websites/portals. Indian media was active since the late 18th century. The print media started in India as early as 1780. Radio broadcasting began in 1927. Indian media is among the oldest in the world. It dates back even before the reign of Ashoka.[1][2] Many of the media are controlled by large, for-profit corporations, which reap revenue from advertising, subscriptions, and sale of copyrighted material. India also has a strong music and film industry.
As of 31 March 2018, there were over 100,000 publications registered with the Registrar of Newspapers for India. India has the second-largest newspaper market in the world, with daily newspapers reporting a combined circulation of over 240 million copies as of 2018.[3][circular reference]India has over 1,600 satellite channels (more than 400 are news channels) and is the biggest newspaper market in the world—over 100 million copies sold each day.[4][5]
The first Indian media were established in the late 18th century with the newspaper Hicky's Bengal Gazette, founded in 1780. Auguste and Louis Lumière moving pictures were screened in Bombay during July 1895; and radio broadcasting began in 1927.[6] Indian media—private media in particular—have been "free and independent" throughout most of their history.[7] The period of emergency (1975–1977), declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, was the brief period when India's media were faced with potential government retribution.[7][8]
The French NGO Reporters Without Borders compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organisation's assessment of its Press Freedom Index. In 2018–19 India was ranked 140th out of 180 countries, which was a setback from the preceding year,[9] while Freedom House, a US-based NGO rates India, in its latest report, as "partly free".[10] The media of India are described as traditionally left-leaning liberal, especially the English-language media, which has been a point of friction recently due to the general popularity of Hindu nationalist politics.[11]
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