essay on Dr BR Ambedkar role in framing the constitution of India must be in 2500 words ⚔️⚔️⚔️ spamming will be reported.⚔️⚔️⚔️
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The Maasai territory reached its largest size in the mid-19th century, and covered almost all of the Great Rift Valley and adjacent lands from Mount Marsabit in the north to Dodoma in the south.[15] At this time the Maasai, as well as the larger Nilotic group they were part of, raised cattle as far east as the Tanga coast in Tanganyika (now mainland Tanzania). Raiders used spears and shields, but were most feared for throwing clubs (orinka) which could be accurately thrown from up to 70 paces (appx. 100 metres). In 1852, there was a report of a concentration of 800 Maasai warriors on the move in what is now Kenya. In 1857, after having depopulated the "Wakuafi wilderness" in what is now southeastern Kenya, Maasai warriors threatened Mombasa on the Kenyan coast.[16][17]
Maasai warriors in German East Africa, c. 1906–1918
Because of this migration, the Maasai are the southernmost Nilotic speakers. The period of expansion was followed by the Maasai "Emutai" of 1883–1902. This period was marked by epidemics of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, rinderpest (see 1890s African rinderpest epizootic), and smallpox. The estimate first put forward by a German lieutenant in what was then northwest Tanganyika, was that 90% of cattle and half of wild animals perished from rinderpest. German doctors in the same area claimed that "every second" African had a pock-marked face as the result of smallpox. This period coincided with drought. Rains failed completely in 1897 and 1898.[18]
The Austrian explorer Oscar Baumann travelled in Maasai lands between 1891 and 1893, and described the old Maasai settlement in the Ngorongoro Crater in the 1894 book Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle ("Through the lands of the Maasai to the source of the Nile"): "There were women wasted to skeletons from whose eyes the madness of starvation glared ... warriors scarcely able to crawl on all fours, and apathetic, languishing elders. Swarms of vultures followed them from high, awaiting their certain victims." By one estimate two-thirds of the Maasai died during this period.[19]
Starting with a 1904 treaty,[20] and followed by another in 1911, Maasai lands in Kenya were reduced by 60% when the British evicted them to make room for settler ranches, subsequently confining them to present-day Samburu, Laikipia, Kajiado and Narok districts.[21] Maasai in Tanganyika (now mainland Tanzania) were displaced from the fertile lands between Mount Meru and Mount Kilimanjaro, and most of the fertile highlands near Ngorongoro in the 1940s.[22][23] More land was taken to create wildlife reserves and national parks: Amboseli National Park, Nairobi National Park, Maasai Mara, Samburu National Reserve, Lake Nakuru National Park and Tsavo in Kenya; and Lake Manyara, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tarangire[24] and Serengeti National Park in what is now Tanzania.
Maasai are pastoralist and have resisted the urging of the Tanzanian and Kenyan governments to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle. They have demanded grazing rights to many of the national parks in both countries.
The Maasai people stood against slavery and lived alongside most wild animals with an aversion to eating game and birds. Maasai land now has East Africa's finest game areas. Maasai society never condoned traffic of human beings, and outsiders looking for people to enslave avoided the Maasai.[25]
Essentially there are twenty-two geographic sectors or sub tribes of the Maasai community, each one having its own customs, appearance, leadership and dialects. These subdivisions are known as 'nations' or' iloshon'in the Maa language: the Keekonyokie, Damat, Purko, Wuasinkishu, Siria, Laitayiok, Loitai, Kisonko, Matapato, Dalalekutuk, Loodokolani, Kaputiei, Moitanik, Ilkirasha, Samburu, Lchamus, Laikipia, Loitokitoki, Larusa, Salei, Sirinket and Parakuyo.
Dr. BR Ambedkar, who was an Indian jurist, philosopher, activist, and social reformer, influenced and fought against social discrimination against the untouchables in the Dalit movement. He became India's first elected law and justice minister, and is the major architect of the Constitution of India.
Explanation:
- On 29 August 1947 by a resolution.The Constituent Assembly named a drafting committee of the seven representatives of the Assembly to plan the draft constitution of Independent India, including Dr. Ambedkar. Dr. Ambedkar granted the Center more control in the proposed Constitution and reinforced it. Dr Ambedkar said he had founded the Center to not only 'save minorities from misrules by majority,' but also 'because it can only operate for a shared good, and for the general interests of the country as a whole. "He defended the requirements of a strong central authority.
- The "fundamental rights" laid down in the Draft Constitution were upheld in the Court of Law. Dr. Amebedkar had also considered the most significant of all of the freedoms as 'equality of opportunity.' As regards legislative remedy, Article 32 is described as the very heart and soul of the Constitution. In his view, fundamental rights will mean ensuring equality and freedom, in order to change our social system that is so full of injustice against minorities and that goes against our fundamental rights.
- The State Policy Directive outlined the substantive obligations that the State had with respect to its people. The Directives were intended to establish social and economic stability, secured in a written Constitution by fundamental rights clauses. The draft Constitution had eliminated complicated and nuanced processes such as a Convention resolution decsision or a vote
- The idea of the Indian States, i.e. the unification of native Indian Princely States, which gave rise to the rap of India as today, has indeed been visionary, by Dr. Ambedkar. Dr. Ambedkar's proposed constitution sets out one citizenship, a common judiciary and uniformity of fundamental laws in order to unite an Indian community separated into territories, sects, languages, customs and communities, apart from castes. A strong core was thus important for maintaining territorial independence and discipline.
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