essay on Humayun 250 words
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Humāyūn, also called Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad, (born March 6, 1508, Kabul [Afghanistan]—died January 1556, Delhi [India]), second Mughal ruler of India, who was more an adventurer than a consolidator of his empire. The son and successor of Bābur, who had founded the Mughal dynasty, Humāyūn ruled from 1530 to 1540 and again from 1555 to 1556.Humāyūn inherited the hope rather than the fact of empire, because the Afghans and Rajputs were merely restrained but not reconciled to Mughal supremacy by the Mughal victories at Panipat (1526), Khanua (1527), and the Ghaghara (1529). Bahādur Shah of Gujarat, encouraged by Afghan and Mughal émigrés, challenged the Mughals in Rajasthan, and, although Humāyūn occupied Gujarat in 1535, the danger there ended only with Bahādur’s death in 1537. Meanwhile, an Afghan soldier of fortune, Shēr Shah of Sūr, had consolidated his power in Bihar and Bengal. He defeated Humāyūn at Chausa in 1539 and at Kannauj in 1540, expelling him from India.
Explanation:
Humâyûn was born on March 17, 1508 in Kabul, during a period when his father, Bâbur, was trying to expand his kingdom. He followed him in his wanderings throughout his childhood and, at the age of 18, he was at his side during the battle of Pânipat (1526), a founding battle of the Mughal Empire. Then he participated in the capture of Agra and was sent to pacify the valley of the Ganges, in the far east of the Empire. In 1528 he received the governorate of Badakhshan, a region now straddling between South Tajikistan and North Afghanistan. It is also south of Ferghana, the original kingdom of the dynasty, and east of Kabul, a city that served as a rear base for the conquests of Babur and which represents the starting point of the dynasty. Badakhshan was a bit like the original territory ,of the Empire.
Humayun is the second Mughal emperor, the dynasty ruling North India from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. He is the great-grandfather of Shah Jahan, the builder of the Taj Mahal. Heir to a new and particularly unstable empire, he will have to fight two successive rebellions, lose his throne and will be able to reconstitute his father's empire only after fifteen years of progress, going from battle to battle. He will leave his son a larger Empire than he has received, from Afghanistan to Bengal.
Humayun was the eldest son of Babur.
Humayun means “fortune” but he remained the most unfortunate ruler of the Mughal Empire.
Six months after his succession, Humayun besieged the fortress of Kalinjar in Bundelkhand, gained a decisive victory over Afghans at Douhrua and drove out Sultan Mahmood Lodhi from Jaunpur, and even defeated Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. His victories, however, were short-lived due to the weakness of his character.
Humayun had three brothers, Kamran, Askari and Hindal
Humayun divided the empire among his brothers but this proved to be a great blunder on his part.
Kamran was given Kabul and Kandahar.
Sambhal and Alwar were given to Askari and Hindal respectively.
Humayun captured Gujarat from Bahadur Shah and appointed Askari as its governor
But soon Bahadur Shah recovered Gujarat from Askari who fled from there.
In the east, Sher Khan became powerful. Humayun marched against him and in the Battle of Chausa, held in 1539, Sher Khan destroyed the Mughal army and Humayun escaped from there.
Humayun reached Agra to negotiate with his brothers.
In 1540, in the Battle of Bilgram or Ganges also known as Battle of Kanauj, Humayun was forced to fight with Sher Khan alone and after losing his kingdom, Humayun became an exile for the next fifteen years.
In 1952, during his wanderings in deserts of Sindh, Humayun married Hamida Banu Begum, daughter of Sheikh Ali Amber Jaini, who had been a preceptor of Humayun’s brother Hindal.
On November 23, 1542, Humayun’s wife gave birth to Akbar
Amarkot’s Hindu chief RanaPrasad promised Humayun to help him to conquer Thatta
However, Humayun could not conquer Bhakker or secure Thus, he left India and lived under the generosity of ShahTahmashp of Persia.
Shah of Persia agreed to help Humayun and lend him a force of 14,000 men on a condition to confirm to Shia creed, to have the Shah’s name proclaimed in his Khutba and to give away Kandhar to him on his success.
In 1545, with Persian help, Humayun captured Kandhar and Kabul but refused to cede Kandhar to Persia.
Humayun sought help from the Safavid ruler.
Later, he defeated his brothers Kamran and Askari.
In 1555, Humayun defeated the Afghans and recovered the Mughal throne.
After six months, he died in 1556 due to his fall from the staircase of his library.
Humayun was kind and generous, though he was not a good General and warrior.
He also loved painting and wrote poetry in the Persian language.