essay on less severe winter effects on human and ecological balance
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There is a large body of literature devoted to the impact of variable climate on human well-being. Most of the research has been done by medical scientists, and a minor amount of the work has been performed by climatologists. This section will attempt to describe much of the relevant research that has been published to date. Topics will be subdivided on the basis of weather events, as many of the manuscripts evaluated employ a regression technique to determine the impacts of one or more climatic events on human health.
There appears to be general agreement that weather has a profound impact on human health, but scientists do not agree on the precise mechanisms involved. For example, some of the research suggests that extreme weather events appear to have the greatest in fluence on health. Driscoll (1971a) correlated daily mortality for 10 cities with weather conditions in January, April, July, and October and found that large diurnal variations in temperature, dewpoint, and pressure were associated with many high mortali ty days. In addition, hot, humid weather with concomitant high pollutant concentrations were also contributory mechanisms. Other studies do not attribute large variations in mortality to extreme events, but rather to the normal seasonal changes in weather (Persinger, 1980).
The importance of determining the role of weather in human health cannot be understated. Reports of large increases in mortality during heat and cold waves are commonplace; for example, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) estimated that 1,327 fatalities in the United States were directly attributed to the 1980 heat wave; fatalities in Missouri alone accounted for over 25% of the total excess deaths (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1980). During a heat wave in 1963, more than 4,600 deat hs above a computed mean occurred in June and July in the eastern United States (Schuman et al., 1964). The impact of weather on human well-being goes beyond mortality; even birth rates and sperm counts appear to be affected by meteorological phenomena (C alot and Blayo, 1982; Tjoa et al., 1982; White, 1985).
This report will concentrate on the effects of weather upon human mortality. However, there are numerous other impacts of weather on the general health of the population, including morbidity, short-term changes in mood, emotional well-being, and aberratio ns from normal behavior. For example, asthma attacks, many of which occur from inhalation of airborne agents such as spores and molds, appear to be related to various meteorological variables (White, 1985). Goldstein (1980) found that clusters of attacks are preceded by the passage of a cold front followed by a high pressure system. Morbidity attributed to pneumonia, influenza, bronchitis, and probably many other illnesses is also weather-related (White, 1985).
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There is a large body of literature devoted to the impact of variable climate on human well-being. Most of the research has been done by medical scientists, and a minor amount of the work has been performed by climatologists. This section will attempt to describe much of the relevant research that has been published to date. Topics will be subdivided on the basis of weather events, as many of the manuscripts evaluated employ a regression technique to determine the impacts of one or more climatic events on human health.
There appears to be general agreement that weather has a profound impact on human health, but scientists do not agree on the precise mechanisms involved. For example, some of the research suggests that extreme weather events appear to have the greatest in fluence on health. Driscoll (1971a) correlated daily mortality for 10 cities with weather conditions in January, April, July, and October and found that large diurnal variations in temperature, dewpoint, and pressure were associated with many high mortali ty days. In addition, hot, humid weather with concomitant high pollutant concentrations were also contributory mechanisms. Other studies do not attribute large variations in mortality to extreme events, but rather to the normal seasonal changes in weather (Persinger, 1980).
The importance of determining the role of weather in human health cannot be understated. Reports of large increases in mortality during heat and cold waves are commonplace; for example, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) estimated that 1,327 fatalities in the United States were directly attributed to the 1980 heat wave; fatalities in Missouri alone accounted for over 25% of the total excess deaths (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1980). During a heat wave in 1963, more than 4,600 deat hs above a computed mean occurred in June and July in the eastern United States (Schuman et al., 1964). The impact of weather on human well-being goes beyond mortality; even birth rates and sperm counts appear to be affected by meteorological phenomena (C alot and Blayo, 1982; Tjoa et al., 1982; White, 1985).
This report will concentrate on the effects of weather upon human mortality. However, there are numerous other impacts of weather on the general health of the population, including morbidity, short-term changes in mood, emotional well-being, and aberratio ns from normal behavior. For example, asthma attacks, many of which occur from inhalation of airborne agents such as spores and molds, appear to be related to various meteorological variables (White, 1985). Goldstein (1980) found that clusters of attacks are preceded by the passage of a cold front followed by a high pressure system. Morbidity attributed to pneumonia, influenza, bronchitis, and probably many other illnesses is also weather-related (White, 1985).
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winter....
after the month of rain is called winter season......
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