Essay on peace and effects of war with reference to indo china war
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This is the length of the border shared by India and China.
India and China had friendly relations as independent nations. India was among the first countries to give diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China which was formed in 1949. Hindi-Chini-bhai-bhai (Indian and Chinese are brothers) was a famous slogan defining the bilateral relations. The 'Panchasheel' Agreement, giving five principles of peaceful coexistence was signed between the two in 1954. Despite all the efforts towards a cooperative bilateral relation, the two powers of Asia witnessed a severe conflict that escalated into a war. In brief, let us understand the background, causes, summary, and effects of
Background
The western end of the India-China border (parts of Ladakh in India and the Chinese Xinjiang region) have been disputed since the 1800s. Aksai Chin in Ladakh is the region between the Pangong Lake and the Karakoram Pass. Attempts of demarcating a boundary were made through the 'Johnson Line' (Aksai Chin in India) of 1865 and the MacDonald McCartney Line (Aksai Chin in China). The British government followed the Johnson Line, but did not initiate patrolling of the region. Also, the Chinese government in Peking had accorded to the Johnson Line, as seen through the atlas published between 1917 and 1933. Even after independence in 1947, the Government of India referred to the Johnson Line.
On the eastern end, the dispute was over the presently northern boundary of Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. The McMahon Line, defined during the British rule over India, marked the eastern end of the India-China border. China had objections regarding the common borders. In the 1950s, China made no claims to the open declarations made by India regarding its control over Aksai Chin. However, China claimed it later, around 1960.
After the Tibetan revolts, the Dalai Lama (Tibetan head) was given asylum by India. This was seen as China to be Indian support to its enemy. Before the war begun, brief skirmishes occurred along the borders for a few months, which resulted into increased tension between the two countries. However, India was not expecting China to trigger a war in the first place. The Chinese offensive against India on 20th October 1962 came as a shock to the unprepared Indian forces.
Main Reasons for the War
1. The bone of contention between the two powers were the bordering regions of Aksai Chin and parts of the present Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Sovereignty over these two areas was the primary issue. The area known as Aksai Chin was claimed by India to be part of Kashmir, and by China to be in its province of Xinjiang or Sinkiang.
2. In 1957, China constructed a road through Aksai Chin, linking the Chinese province of Xinjiang and Lhatse in Tibet. This road went south of the Johnson Line in many areas.
3. India gave asylum to the 14th Dalai Lama, the head of Tibet. He had fled from Lhasa after the Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule had failed.
4. India had built several outposts around the Thagla ridge, Namka Chu, and Chushul regions along the Sino-Indian border, under the Forward Policy (to evacuate the territory of Chinese forces).
Important Events
Western Front
Chushul (4,337 meters) - South of the Pangong Tso Lake and north of the Chushul airfield.
- 20th October: Late on the night of 19th October, Indian posts in this area were attacked by the Chinese. China attacked Indian forces in the Chip Chap valley, Aksai Chin. Galwan valley, Pangong lake, and Chip Chap valley were easily taken by the Chinese forces.
- 22nd October: China had won over all the Indian posts north of Chushul.
- The fighting which halted at Chushul was an essential break for both the sides.
- 24th October: Until this day, Rezang la (5,180 meters) was a point of heavy combat. It was held by the Indians to prevent the Chinese from conquering a nearby airstrip.
- 18th November: At 4.35 am, Chushul was under attack again.
Rezang La
This battle had taken a huge toll on both the armies. The Indian forces, however, due to lack of logistical support, had to withdraw to positions in higher mountains.
Eastern
India and China had friendly relations as independent nations. India was among the first countries to give diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China which was formed in 1949. Hindi-Chini-bhai-bhai (Indian and Chinese are brothers) was a famous slogan defining the bilateral relations. The 'Panchasheel' Agreement, giving five principles of peaceful coexistence was signed between the two in 1954. Despite all the efforts towards a cooperative bilateral relation, the two powers of Asia witnessed a severe conflict that escalated into a war. In brief, let us understand the background, causes, summary, and effects of
Background
The western end of the India-China border (parts of Ladakh in India and the Chinese Xinjiang region) have been disputed since the 1800s. Aksai Chin in Ladakh is the region between the Pangong Lake and the Karakoram Pass. Attempts of demarcating a boundary were made through the 'Johnson Line' (Aksai Chin in India) of 1865 and the MacDonald McCartney Line (Aksai Chin in China). The British government followed the Johnson Line, but did not initiate patrolling of the region. Also, the Chinese government in Peking had accorded to the Johnson Line, as seen through the atlas published between 1917 and 1933. Even after independence in 1947, the Government of India referred to the Johnson Line.
On the eastern end, the dispute was over the presently northern boundary of Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. The McMahon Line, defined during the British rule over India, marked the eastern end of the India-China border. China had objections regarding the common borders. In the 1950s, China made no claims to the open declarations made by India regarding its control over Aksai Chin. However, China claimed it later, around 1960.
After the Tibetan revolts, the Dalai Lama (Tibetan head) was given asylum by India. This was seen as China to be Indian support to its enemy. Before the war begun, brief skirmishes occurred along the borders for a few months, which resulted into increased tension between the two countries. However, India was not expecting China to trigger a war in the first place. The Chinese offensive against India on 20th October 1962 came as a shock to the unprepared Indian forces.
Main Reasons for the War
1. The bone of contention between the two powers were the bordering regions of Aksai Chin and parts of the present Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Sovereignty over these two areas was the primary issue. The area known as Aksai Chin was claimed by India to be part of Kashmir, and by China to be in its province of Xinjiang or Sinkiang.
2. In 1957, China constructed a road through Aksai Chin, linking the Chinese province of Xinjiang and Lhatse in Tibet. This road went south of the Johnson Line in many areas.
3. India gave asylum to the 14th Dalai Lama, the head of Tibet. He had fled from Lhasa after the Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule had failed.
4. India had built several outposts around the Thagla ridge, Namka Chu, and Chushul regions along the Sino-Indian border, under the Forward Policy (to evacuate the territory of Chinese forces).
Important Events
Western Front
Chushul (4,337 meters) - South of the Pangong Tso Lake and north of the Chushul airfield.
- 20th October: Late on the night of 19th October, Indian posts in this area were attacked by the Chinese. China attacked Indian forces in the Chip Chap valley, Aksai Chin. Galwan valley, Pangong lake, and Chip Chap valley were easily taken by the Chinese forces.
- 22nd October: China had won over all the Indian posts north of Chushul.
- The fighting which halted at Chushul was an essential break for both the sides.
- 24th October: Until this day, Rezang la (5,180 meters) was a point of heavy combat. It was held by the Indians to prevent the Chinese from conquering a nearby airstrip.
- 18th November: At 4.35 am, Chushul was under attack again.
Rezang La
This battle had taken a huge toll on both the armies. The Indian forces, however, due to lack of logistical support, had to withdraw to positions in higher mountains.
Eastern
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