Essay on the culture of Telugu poetry in the colonial period
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Essay on the culture of Telugu poetry in the colonial period
Telugu literature or Telugu Sahityam (Telugu: తెలుగు సాహిత్యము) is the body of works written in the Telugu language. It consists of poems, novels, short stories, dramas, gazals, and puranas. Telugu literature can be traced back to the early 10th century period (Prabandha Ratnavali[1] (1918) talks about the existence of Jain Telugu literature during 850-1000 CE) followed by 11th century period when Mahabharata was first translated to Telugu from Sanskrit by Nannaya. It flourished under the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire, where Telugu was one of the empire's official languages.
Telugu split from Proto-Dravidian between 1500-1000 BC.. Telugu became a distinct language by the time any literary activity began to appear in the Tamil land, along with Parji, Kolami, Nayaki and Gadaba languages.[2]There are various sources available for information on early Telugu writers. Among these are the prologues to their poems, which followed the Sanskrit model by customarily giving a brief description of the writer, a history of the king to whom the book is dedicated, and a chronological list of the books he published. In addition, historical information is available from inscriptions that can be correlated with the poems; there are several grammars, treatises, and anthologies that provide illustrative stanzas; and there is also information available from the lives of the poets and the traditions that they followed.[3]Early Telugu literature is predominantly religious in subject matter. Poets and scholars drew most of their material from, and spent most of their time translating epics, such as the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata and the Puranas, all of which are considered to be storehouses of Indian culture.[4]
From the sixteenth century onwards, rarely known episodes from the Puranas would form the basis for the tradition of Telugu-language kavya. Literary works are drawn from episodes of the Puranas under the name Akhyana or Khanda became popular along with depictions of the fortune of a single hero under the title of Charitra, Vijaya, Vilasa and Abhyudaya. Such titles are examples of what would become the most common subject matter of poetry.[4]
In the eighteenth-century, marriages of heroes under the title Parinaya, Kalyana and Vivāha became popular.[4]
Religious literature consisted of biographies of the founders of religion, their teachings (Sara) as well as commentaries (bhashya).[4]
Traditional Hindu knowledge systems such as astrology, law, grammar, ballets, moral aphorisms, and devotional psalms to deities within the Hindu pantheon are characteristics of more popular works of Telugu literature.[4]Forms Edit
The various forms of literature found in Telugu are:
Prabandham: Stories in verse form with a tight metrical structure and they have three forms mentioned below.
Prakhyātam: Famous story.
Utpadyam: Purely fictional story.
Misramam: Mixed story.
Champu: Mixture of prose and poetry.
Kāvyam: Poem which usually begins with a short prayer called a Prarthana, containing initial auspicious letter "Sri" which invokes the blessings of the God.[5] The occasion and circumstances under which the work is undertaken is next stated.[5]
Padya kāvyam: Metrical poetry.
Gadya kāvyam: Prose poetry.
Khanda kāvyam: Short poemsKavita: Poetry
Śatakam (anthology): Satakam is a literary piece of art. The name derives from Śata, which means a hundred in Sanskrit. Satakam comprises a hundred poems. Hence, a Satakam is a volume (book) of hundred poems. Satakams are usually devotional, philosophical or convey morals.
DaŚaka (anthology): Dasakam or Dashakam comprises ten poems.
Avadhānam: Avadhanam involves the partial improvisation of poems using specific themes, metres, forms, or words.[6]
Navala: Navala is a written, fictional, prose narrative normally longer than a short story.
Katha : Style of religious storytelling.
Nātakam: Drama.
Naneelu:Epigrams.
Ashtadiggajas have written in all three of the Prabandham genres during the Prabandha yugam.[7]
Telugu literature uses a unique expression in verse called Champu, which mixes prose and poetry. Although it is the dominant literary form, there are exceptions: for example, Tikkana composed Uttara Ramayana entirely in verse.[8]
As Champu Kavyas and Prabandhas were beyond the comprehension of masses, new devices for the dissemination of knowledge among the people were developed in the form of the Dvipada and Sataka styles. Dvipada means two feet (couplet) and Sataka means hundred (a cento of verses).[9] (Popular satakas: Sarveshvara sataka, Kalahastishvara sataka, Dasarathi Sataka)
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