essay on tribal development on about 500 words grade
Answers
Explanation:
Constituting about eight per cent of the total population of India, the tribal peoples are among the most
vulnerable groups in the country. Not only do they share with other disadvantaged groups the common
travails of economic deprivation, they also face perennially grave threats to their cultural integrity and
socio-political freedoms. This paper will try to summarise the legislative and public policy interventions
of the Indian state in relation to its tribal populations.
TRIBES IN INDIA
A considerable part of the ethnographic literature on tribes in India is preoccupied with the definition of
a tribe, and the relevance of this definition to the Indian situation. Loosely, a tribe is a ‘social group the
members of which live in a common territory, have a common dialect, uniform social organisation and
possess cultural homogeneity, having a common ancestor, and shared systems of political organisation
and religious pattern’ (Chaudhuri 1990: vi). As is evident, this definition does not take us very far as it
could be applicable to many types of communities.1 Given the wide-ranging debate in anthropological
circles over the very notion of a tribe as well as the tremendous diversity across tribal communities,
however, it would be sufficient for our purposes to use the self-definition adopted by the Indian Council
of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (ICITP) in a 1992 symposium: ‘peoples whose political and social
organisation [is] based primarily on moral binding among kins, real and putative, who [have] a custodial
attitude towards nature and [are] outside the Jati (caste) Varna system’ (Roy Burman 2000: 73). This is
a characterisation that emphasises the tribal persons’ ‘extension of self not only to kins’ but also to their
community including ‘the endowments of nature in the territories with which they have a special
association through life cycle events and through activities related to the life support system’. Thus, this
relationship with the human and natural environment2 is a defining feature.
As against this self-characterisation, the relevant administrative category for purposes of policy is the
Scheduled Tribe. According to the definition given by Article 342 of the ‘Constitution of India, the
Scheduled Tribes are the tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within tribes and tribal
communities which have been declared as such by the President by the public notificatio
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Explanation:
There are a number of tribes in India, spread over different parts at different levels of socioeconomic development. They live all over the country from the foot hill of the Himalayas to the lands tip of Lakshadweep and from the plains of Gujarat to the hills in the North-East. According to 1991 census, the numerical strength of the scheduled tribes in India stood at 52.03 million. Bihar leads all other States as regards the tribal population. It is followed by Maharashtra and Orissa.
The names of tribes like the Kurumba, the Irula, the Panga in South India; the Asura, the Saora, the Oraon, the Gond, the Santhal, the Bhil in Central India; the Bodo, the Ahom in North-East India; are found in old classical Indian literature.
The term ‘tribe’ is derived from the Latin word ‘tribus’. Earlier Romans used this term to designate the divisions in society. Latter use suggests that it meant poor people. The present popular meaning in English language was acquired during the expansion of colonialism particularly in Asia and Africa.