essay to share innovative solutions to problems faced in cyberspace
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However, the internet and computer can be used in negative ways, which can have destructive impact on societies. Cybercrime is a threat against different organisations and people who computers connected to the internet and particularly mobile technology.
Cybercrime can be defined as a type of crime committed by cybercriminals who use a computer as a tool and the internet as a connection in order to reach a variety of objectives such as fraud, illegal downloading of files such as music and films, and spam mailing which is sending a phony e-mail in order to steal private information or access to a protected website (Cross, 2002:2). Cybercrime is a concern that has been attracting media attention since 1945, when the United Nations created an international cooperation and collective security network of 192 countries to cooperate and solve international problems and one of a growing issue is cybercrime (Portnoy and Goodman, 2009).
This essay aims to classify cybercrime depending on the taget of the crime to two common groups, which are Cyber crime against individuals and Cybercrime against organisations as well as address the particular problems of each group by suggesting possible solutions to each problem separately.
Cybercrime
Cyber crime is the latest and perhaps the most complicated problem in the cyber world. “Cyber crime may be said to be those species, of which, genus is the conventional crime, and where either the computer is an object or subject of the conduct constituting crime” (13). “Any criminal activity that uses a computer either as an instrumentality, target or a means for perpetuating further crimes comes within the ambit of cyber crime”(12)
A generalised definition of cyber crime may be ” unlawful acts wherein the computer is either a tool or target or both”(3) The computer may be used as a tool in the following kinds of activity: financial crimes, sale of illegal articles, pornography, online gambling, intellectual property crime, e-mail spoofing, forgery, cyber defamation, cyber stalking. The computer may however be target for unlawful acts in the following cases- unauthorized access to computers / computer systems / computer networks, theft of information contained in the electronic form, e-mail bombing, data diddling, salami attacks, logic bombs, Trojan attacks, internet time thefts, web jacking, theft of computer system, physically damaging the computer system.
Reasons for cybercrime :
Hart in his work ” The Concept of Law” said that ‘human beings are vulnerable so rule of law is required to protect them’. By applying this to the cyberspace we may say that computers are vulnerable so rule of law is required to protect and safeguard them against cyber crime. The reasons for the vulnerability of computers may be said to be:
1. Capacity to store data in comparatively small space:-
The computer has a unique characteristic of storing data in a very small space. This allows for much easier access or removal of information through either physical or virtual media.
2.Complex-
The computers work on operating systems and these operating systems in turn are composed of millions of lines of code. The human mind is fallible and it is not possible that there might not be a lapse at any stage. The cyber criminals take advantage of these lacunas and penetrate into the computer system using often more sophisticated means than originally anticipated by the systems engineers.
4. Negligence:-
Negligence is very closely connected with human conduct. It is therefore very probable that while protecting the computer system there might be any negligence, which in turn provides a cyber criminal to gain access and control over the computer system. This negligence is usually a property of under resourced IT security provisions and the improvement of security barriers within software packages and network structures could lead to improved security.
5. Loss of evidence:-
Loss of evidence is a very common & obvious problem as all the data is routinely destroyed. Further collection of data outside the territorial extent also paralyses this system of crime investigation.
Cybercrime against Individuals
A major problem of cybercrime against individual can take place towards different types of people such as cybercrime against children, cybercrime against consumers and cybercrime against normal users. It is clear that cybercrime against children is the most significant issue which should be focused on. One of the main areas of cybercrime is child pornography, which is the documented sexual abuse of children, however this excludes pseudo-photographs or computer generated items such as images, drawing, cartoons and painting (Akdentiz, 2008:4).