European Alliances and Counter - Alliances
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Answer:-
(i) In 1900 five of the European Great Powers were divided into two armed camps.
(ii) One camp consisted of the Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
(iii) Under the guidance of Bismarck, they had formed the Triple Alliance in 1882.
(iv) The other camp consisted of France and Russia.
(v) The Anglo-Japanese Alliance prompted France to seek an alliance with Britain. Which resulted in the Entente Cordiale (1904).
(vi) Britain subsequently reached an agreement with Russia and formed the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia.
Violent Forms of Nationalism :
(i) With the growth of nationalism, the attitude of "my country right or wrong I support developed,
(ii) England's jingoism, France's chauvinism and Germany's Kultur were militant forms of nationalism, contributing decisively to the outbreak of War.
Aggressive Attitude of German Emperor: Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany was ruthlessly assertive and aggressive.
(ii) Napoleon's defeat at Trafalgar (1805), Germany's aggressive diplomacy and rapid building of naval bases convinced Britain that a German navy could be directed only against her.
(iii) Therefore, Britain embarked on a naval race, which heightened the tension between the two powers.
Hostility of France towards Germany:
(i) France and Germany were old rivals. Bitter memories of the defeat of 1871 and loss of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany rankled in the minds of the French.
(ii) German interference in Morocco added to the bitterness.
Imperial Power Politics in the Balkans :
(i) The Young Turk Revolution of 1908, Austria and Russia resumed their activitie in the Balkans.
(ii) Austria announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
(iii) Austria's action aroused intense opposition from serbia. Germany firmly supported Austria,
(iv) The enmity between Austria and Serbia led to the outbreak of war in 1914.
The Balkan Wars:
(i)Turkey was a powerful country in the south west of Europe in the first half of eighteenth century.
(ii) Both the Turks and their subjects of different nationalities in the Balkans
(iii) There were rivalries among Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and later Montenegro for the control of it. In March 1912 they formed the Balkan League.
(iv) The Second Balkan War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest in August 1913.
Immediate Cause :
(i)The climax to these events in the Balkans occurred in Sarajevo in Bosnia.
(ii)On 28 June 1914 the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by Princip, a Bosnian Serb.
(iii) Austria saw in this an opportunity to eliminate Serbia as an independent state.
(iv) The German violation of Belgian neutrality forced Britain to enter war.
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