example of a perceptual grouping rule that we use to impose order on incoming sensations?
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Principles first identified by Gestalt psychologists and now supported by experimental evidence demonstrate that the brain is predisposed to impose order on incoming sensations. One neural strategy for perception involves responding to patterns among stimuli and grouping like patterns together. Simplicity: A basic rule in science is that the simplest explanation is usually the best. This is the idea behind the Gestalt grouping rule of Pragnanz, which translates as “good form.” When confronted with two or more possible interpretations of an object’s shape, the visual system tends to select the simplest or most likely interpretation (see Figure 4.19 a). Closure: We tend to fill in missing elements of a visual scene, allowing us to perceive edges that are separated by gaps as belonging to complete objects (see figure). Continuity: Edges or contours that have the same orientation have what the Gestaltists called “good continuation,” and we tend to group them together perceptually (see Figure 4.19 c). Similarity: Regions that are similar in color, lightness, shape, or texture are perceived as belonging to the same object (see Figure 4.19 d). Proximity: Objects that are close together tend to be grouped together (see Figure 4.19 e). Common fate: Elements of a visual image that move together are perceived as parts of a single moving object (see Figure 4.19 f).Separating Figure from GroundPerceptual grouping is a powerful aid to our ability to recognize objects by sight. Grouping involves visually separating an object from its surroundings. In Gestalt terms, this means identifying a figure apart from the (back) ground in which it resides. For example, the words on this page are perceived as figural: They stand out from the ground of the sheet of paper on which they’re printed. Similarly, your instructor is perceived as the figure against the backdrop of all the other elements in your classroom. You certainly can perceive these elements differently, of course: The words and the paper are all part of a thing called “a page,” and your instructor and the classroom can all be perceived as “your learning environment.” Typically, though, our perceptual systems focus attention on some objects as distinct from their environments.
Figure 4.20 Ambiguous Edges Here’s how Rubin’s classic reversible figure-ground illusion works Fixate your eyes
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