Example of solvents used in production of parenterals
Answers
Answer:Parenteral drug delivery
1. PARENTERAL PRODUCTS
2. Definitions related to the topic: Parenteral Products Sterilization & Sterile Product Pyrogen SVP LVP Light Resistant Containers Well closed containers Tightly closed containers Single dose container Multiple dose container Hermetically sealed container
3. PARENTERALS para: outside enteron: intestine (i.e. beside the intestine) These are the preparations which are given other than oral routes. Injections: These are Sterile, Pyrogen free preparations intended to be administered parenterally (outside alimentary tract).
4. DEFINITION Parenteral preparation or injectables are the sterile solutions or suspensions of drug in aqueous or oily vehicles meant for introduction into the body by means of an injection under or through one or more layers of the skin or mucous membrane.
5. •Based on types of packaging 1)Single dose units: ampoules, infusions and prefilled disposable syringes 2)Multiple dose units: multiple dose vials •Based on the production and control a)Small volume parenterals: volume < 100 ml b)Large volume parenterals: volume ≥ 100 ml Classification of parenteral preparations
6. •Based on clinical use a)Solutions for irrigation b)Ophthalmic solution c)Dialysis solution d)Diagnostic agent e)Allergenic extracts f)Implants •Based on physical state of product a)Sterile solutions b)Sterile suspensions c)Sterile emulsions d)Sterile solids
7. Small volume parenterals: Volume of these parenterals varies from fractions of Milli liter to several hundred milliliters i.e. 1ml to 500ml Example: Injections :- Furosemide, Heparin, Cimetidine, Iron dextran etc Large volume parenterals: Volume of these parenterals varies from 500ml and above. They are administered as single dose injections at a slow rate. Example: Infusion Fluids, Total parenteral nutrition solutions, patient controlled anlgesia, dialysis fluids etc.
8. Why Parenteral? Parenteral Route Is Used bcoz 1) Rapid action 2) Oral route can not be used 3) Not effective except as injection 4) Many new drugs particularly those derived from new development in biotechnologically can only be given by parenteral coz they are inactivated in GIT if given orally. 5) New drugs require to maintain potency & specificity sodium that they are given by parenteral.
9. Advantages: Quick onset of action Suitable for the drugs which are not administered by oral route Useful for unconscious or vomiting patients. Duration of action can be prolonged by modifying formulation. Suitable for nutritive like glucose & electrolyte. Suitable for the drugs which are inactivated in GIT or HCl (GI fluid)
10. Disadvantages: Once injected cannot be controlled (retreat) Injections may cause pain at the site of injection Only trained person is required If given by wrong route, difficult to control adverse effect Difficult to save patient if overdose Sensitivity or allergic reaction at the site of injection Requires strict control of sterility & non pyrogenicity than other formulation.
11. Necessities of Parenteral preparations: Sterility (must) Pyrogen (must) Free from particulate matter (must) Clarity (must) Stability (must) Isotonicity (should) Solvents or vehicles used must meet special purity and other standards. Restrictions on buffers, stabilizers, antimicrobial preservative. Do not use coloring agents. Must be prepared under aseptic conditions. Specific and high quality packaging.
12. Parental Routes of Administration: Most Common: 1. Subcutaneous (SC; SQ ;Sub Q) 2. Intramuscular (IM) 3. Intravenous (IV) Others: 4. Intra-arterial (IA) 5. Intrathecal 6. Intraarticular 7. Intrapleural 8. Intracardial 9. Intradermal (Diagnostic)
13. Routes of Parenteral Administration Intradermal Intramuscular IntravenousSubcutaneous Dermis Intra arterial Vein Artery Muscle Epidermis Subcutaneous tissue
14. Subcutaneous (SC; SQ ;Sub Q): The injection is given under the skin Need to be isotonic Upto 2 ml is given Using ½ to 1 inch 23 gauge needle or smaller needle Given: Vaccines Insulin Scopolamine Epinephrine
15. Intramuscular (IM): Striated muscle fibre 0.5 to 2 ml sometimes upto 4 ml 1 to 1.5 inch & 19 to 22 gauge needle is used Preferably isotonic Principle sites: Gluteal (buttocks) Deltoid (upper arms) Vastus lateralis (lateral thigh) Given: Solutions Emulsions Oils Suspension
Explanation:
Answer:
The major solvents used for the production of parenterals are water, alcohols, glycols, ketones, oils, and cyclodextrins.
Explanation:
What is a parenteral?
- A parenteral is a medicine that is injected under the skin and mucous membrane.
- Example: Enbrel (arthritis medication).
Major solvents in the production of parenterals:
- Water is the most common solvent used in the preparation of parenterals and all liquid drug products.
- Other solvents which are frequently used in drug production include alcohol, isopropyl, glycerin, polyethylene glycol, etc.
- Oils are also used as solvents in the production of parenterals. These include corn oil, cottonseed oil, and almond oil.
- Some special vegetable oils are also used for flavor and scent.