Examples of measurent or information bias
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Information bias (also called observation bias or measurement bias) happens when key information is either measured, collected, or interpreted inaccurately. According to John’s Hopkins, it’s when:
“…information is collected differently between two groups, leading to an error in the conclusion of the association.”
This broad category contains Observer Bias, which happens when a researcher is aware of a disease or exposure status, and Recall Bias, where a patient is more likely to remember past details about their disease if they have the disease.
Misclassification

Information bias can result from misclassified data.
Misclassification — basically incorrect information — happens for a variety of reasons and can be broken down into two types: differential misclassification and non-differential misclassification:
1. Nondifferential misclassification happens when the information is incorrect, but is the same across groups.
In case-control studies, it happens when exposure status is incorrect for both controls and cases.
In cohort studies, it happens when exposure status is incorrect for people with the disease and those without the disease.
“…information is collected differently between two groups, leading to an error in the conclusion of the association.”
This broad category contains Observer Bias, which happens when a researcher is aware of a disease or exposure status, and Recall Bias, where a patient is more likely to remember past details about their disease if they have the disease.
Misclassification

Information bias can result from misclassified data.
Misclassification — basically incorrect information — happens for a variety of reasons and can be broken down into two types: differential misclassification and non-differential misclassification:
1. Nondifferential misclassification happens when the information is incorrect, but is the same across groups.
In case-control studies, it happens when exposure status is incorrect for both controls and cases.
In cohort studies, it happens when exposure status is incorrect for people with the disease and those without the disease.
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