Exercise G. Complete the following conversation. Put in the simple past negative statements and questions.
Ankita :............(you/have) a nice weekend in Chennai?
Rohan : Yes, thanks. It was good. ........(we/not/try) to do too much.
Ankita : What sights..........(you/see)?
Rohan : We went to the beach. I.............(not/know) that there was so much in there.
Ankita : And what show............
you (go/to)..................?
Rohan : Oh, a musical, I forget the name. I.............(not/like) it.
Ankita : Oh, dear. And..................
(Mary/enjoy) it?
Rohan : Not really. Mary did some shopping, too, but I..........
(not/want) to go shopping.
Please help me......!
Answers
Answer:
............... .......
Alarm communication is a key adaptation that helps social groups resist predation and rally defenses. Mammals, birds, and some insects have been observed to demonstrate sophisticated warning signals in response to predator threats. Some vertebrates produce graded threat signals. These messages go beyond simply notifying the presence of a predator to others in a binary fashion; a given predator is either present (+) or absent (-).
Such graded signals go further by coding the identity of the predator, its approximate location, size, and relative speed. No such graded signals had been demonstrated in social insects, including more than 200 honeybee species worldwide. Many such species do emit pheromones to communicate danger but only in the typical binary manner.
Additionally, foraging honeybees communicate with hive mates via the waggle dance (Figure 1). Importantly, key information related to a discovered foraging site (location of nectar) is coded by the duration of the waggle (equating to the distance from hive to foraging site) and the relative angle of the dance (location of site in relation to the hive itself and the sun).
Finally, European honeybees (Apis mellifera) have been shown to produce a vibrational stop signal that inhibits waggle dancing of foragers. Receivers of these signals respond appropriately, stopping recruitment for the dangerous food location or remaining inside the safety of the nest, according to the encoded danger level and context. This is the first known example of such a complex alarm signal in an insect and demonstrates a new level of sophistication in bee communication.
Figure 1: Waggle dance depicting two variables of communication: direction and distance of food source.
Researchers Ken Tang et al. sought to investigate the relationship between attacks to either honeybees foraging away from the nest and attacks to the nest itself by either the large Asian hornet (Vespa mandarinia) or the small Asian hornet (Vespa velutina) and how the predator warning responses of the Asian honeybee (Apis cerana) were impacted.
Figure 2. Asian hornet (Vespa mandarinia) (left) contrasted Asian honeybee (Apis cerana) (right). V. mandarinia is approximately five times larger than A. cerana.
Figure 3. Schematic of honey bee nest. The entrance (ENT) to the lower comb of the hive was separated into two zones. Zone one (Z1) was situated closer to the entrance and comprised the dance floor. Nearly all waggle dancing occurred within Z1. Zone two (Z2) was further from the entrance and serves as the hives nest.
Figure 4. Effects of attacks by small and large hornets upon colony defense. When provoked by larger predators these bees attack the intruder in large number, encapsulate it and heat the attacker to death rather than by stinging.
In one experiment conducted by Ken Tan and his research team, large and small hornets were presented at the honeybees hive/colony entrance. These bees quickly heat-balled the hornets,