Question

EXERCISES
Answer in Detall
temperature and with thermo​

Answer 1

Answer:

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in the system. The zeroth law of thermodynamics says that no heat is transferred between two objects in thermal equilibrium; therefore, they are the same temperature.

Answer 2

Answer:

Humans often exercise strenuously in hot environments for reasons of recreation, vocation, and survival. The magnitude of physiological strain imposed by exercise-environmental stress depends on the individual's metabolic rate and capacity for heat exchange with the environment. Muscular exercise increases metabolism by 5 to 15 times the resting rate to provide energy for skeletal muscle contraction. Depending on the type of exercise, 70 to 100 percent of the metabolism is released as heat and needs to be dissipated in order to maintain body heat balance. The effectiveness of the thermoregulatory system in defending body temperature is influenced by the individual's acclimatization state (Wenger, 1988), aerobic fitness (Armstrong and Pandolf, 1988), and hydration level (Sawka and Pandolf, 1990). Aerobically fit persons who are heat acclimatized and fully hydrated have less body heat storage and perform optimally during exercise-heat stress. To regulate body temperature, heat gain and loss are controlled by the autonomic nervous system's alteration of (a) heat flow from the core to the skin via the blood and (b) sweating. Thermoreceptors in the skin and body core provide input into the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center where this information is processed, via a proportional control system, with a resultant signal for heat loss by the thermoregulatory effector responses of sweating and alterations in skin blood flow (Sawka and Wenger, 1988).

This chapter reviews human temperature regulation and normal physiological responses to exercise-heat stress. In general, muscular exercise and heat stress interact synergistically and may push physiological systems to their limits in simultaneously supporting the competing metabolic and thermoregulatory demands.