Expla explain the function of xylem and phloem explain the function of each parts of phloem and xylem
Answers
Xylem tissue is used mostly for transporting water from roots to stems and leaves but also transports other dissolved compounds. Phloem is responsible for transporting food produced from photosynthesis from leaves to non-photosynthesizing parts of a plant such as roots and stems
Parts of phloem-
Sieve-tube members:
Sieve-tube members are living cells that create chains of cells running the length of the plant. Angiosperm sieve-tube members have porous ends called ‘sieve plates’ that allow sap to move diffuse easily from cell to cell.
The cells of sieve-tube members are missing some important structures such as a nucleus, ribosomes and a vacuole which is where companion cells come in.
Companion cells:
The companion cells run adjacent to sieve-tube members and are connected by a number of channels called ‘plasmodesmata’. Companion cells are not lacking in any vital organelles and their nucleus and ribosomes serve both the sieve-tube member and itself. The companion cell can sometimes also deliver sugars and other substances into the sieve-tube members from neighboring cells.
Xylem
The xylem is responsible for keeping a plant hydrated. Xylem sap travels upwards and has to overcome serious gravitational forces to deliver water to a plant’s upper extremities, especially in tall trees.
Two different types of cells are known to form the xylem in different plant groups: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are found in most gymnosperms, ferns, and lycophytes whereas vessel elements form the xylem of almost all angiosperms.
Xylem cells are dead, elongated and hollow. They have secondary cell walls and ‘pits’ (areas where the secondary cell wall is missing).
Tracheids:Tracheids are long thin cells that are connected together by tapered ends. The tapered ends run alongside each other and have pits that allow for water to travel from cell to cell.
Their secondary cell walls contain lignin – the compound that creates wood. The lignin in tracheids adds structural support to the xylem and the whole plant.
Vessel elements:Vessel elements are shorter and wider than tracheids and are connected together end-on-end. The ends of the cells contain what are known as ‘perforation plates’. The perforation plates have a number of holes in their cell walls which allows for water to travel freely between cells.
Answer:
Xylem: transports water and minerals absorbed by the roots to the other plant parts
a- Xylem vessels: Tube like structures which carry water
b- Tracheids: Tube like structures with spindle endings which also conducts mineral and water upwards
c- Xylem parenchyma: Store food
d- Xylem fibres: Dead cells, provide mechanical strength
Phloem: Food transportation from leaves to other parts
a- Sieve tubes: Transport of food
b- Phloem parenchyma: Lateral transportation of food
c- Companion cells: Don't play any specific roll but only supports and assits sieve tubes in their work
d- Phloem sclerenchyma: provide mechanical strength.
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