Explain about Later Mughals and their rule and the reasons for the decline of Mughal Empire along with pictures.
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Mughal dynasty, Mughal also spelled Mogul, Persian Mughūl (“Mongol”), Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. After that time it continued to exist as a considerably reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the mid-19th century. The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two centuries of effective rule over much of India; for the ability of its rulers, who through seven generations maintained a record of unusual talent; and for its administrative organization. A further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals, who were Muslims, to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state.
Mughal emperors: Jahāngīr, Akbar, and Shah Jahān
Mughal emperors: Jahāngīr, Akbar, and Shah Jahān
Emperors Jahāngīr (left), Akbar (centre), and Shah Jahān (seated at right) are depicted
Bābur and the establishment of the Mughals
The dynasty was founded by a Chagatai Turkic prince named Bābur (reigned 1526–30), who was descended from the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) on his father’s side and from Chagatai, second son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mother’s side. Bābur’s father, ʿUmar Shaykh Mīrzā, ruled the small principality of Fergana to the north of the Hindu Kush mountain range; Bābur inherited the principality at a young age, in 1494.
Bābur
Bābur
Meeting between Bābur and the sultan ʿAlī Mīrzā near Samarkand, illustration from the Bābūr-nāmeh (“The Book of Bābur”), c. 1590; in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
In 1504 he conquered Kabul and Ghaznī and established himself there. In 1511 he captured Samarkand, only to realize that, with the formidable Safavid dynasty in Iran and the Uzbeks in Central Asia, he should rather turn to the southeast toward India to have an empire of his own. As a Timurid, Bābur had an eye on the Punjab, part of which had been Timur’s possession. He made several excursions in the tribal habitats there. Between 1519 and 1524—when he invaded Bhera, Sialkot, and Lahore—he showed his definite intention to conquer Hindustan, where the political scene favoured his adventure.
Mughal emperors: Jahāngīr, Akbar, and Shah Jahān
Mughal emperors: Jahāngīr, Akbar, and Shah Jahān
Emperors Jahāngīr (left), Akbar (centre), and Shah Jahān (seated at right) are depicted
Bābur and the establishment of the Mughals
The dynasty was founded by a Chagatai Turkic prince named Bābur (reigned 1526–30), who was descended from the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) on his father’s side and from Chagatai, second son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mother’s side. Bābur’s father, ʿUmar Shaykh Mīrzā, ruled the small principality of Fergana to the north of the Hindu Kush mountain range; Bābur inherited the principality at a young age, in 1494.
Bābur
Bābur
Meeting between Bābur and the sultan ʿAlī Mīrzā near Samarkand, illustration from the Bābūr-nāmeh (“The Book of Bābur”), c. 1590; in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
In 1504 he conquered Kabul and Ghaznī and established himself there. In 1511 he captured Samarkand, only to realize that, with the formidable Safavid dynasty in Iran and the Uzbeks in Central Asia, he should rather turn to the southeast toward India to have an empire of his own. As a Timurid, Bābur had an eye on the Punjab, part of which had been Timur’s possession. He made several excursions in the tribal habitats there. Between 1519 and 1524—when he invaded Bhera, Sialkot, and Lahore—he showed his definite intention to conquer Hindustan, where the political scene favoured his adventure.
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