explain about quarks in 10 to 15 pages
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When you deal with nuclear physics, we usually come across matter that is made up of particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons. These particles are made up of subatomic particles called Quarks.
What is Quark?
Quark is a fundamental constituent of matter and is defined as an elementary particle. These quarks combine to produce composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are neutrons and protons that are the components of atomic nuclei. We can define quark as:
A quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter.
Theorized: George Zweig (1964); Murray Gell-Mann (1964)
Types: 6 (up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top)
Spin: 1⁄2
Baryon number: 1⁄3
Symbol: q
Example:
Protons consist of two up quarks and one down quark, whereas a neutron is made up of two down quark and one up quark.
Quarks cannot exist independently but as a constituent part of the matter. Its Standard theoretical Model is based on the conceptual framework. It describes all the known elementary particles. Also, it describes the unobserved particles.
The three primary quark types are mentioned below.
Up
Down
Strange
The antiparticles that correspond to every flavour of quarks are known as Antiquarks. Antiquarks have the same mass, same mean lifetime and same spin corresponding to quarks, but other properties like electric charge and other charges have opposite sign.
Twelve fundamental particles, i.e. six quarks and six leptons (the other type) are the basic building blocks of everything in the universe. Quark and leptons are distinguished based on flavours. The six types are namely: up, down, top, bottom, strange, and charm.
Quark
Types of Quarks
The six types are namely:
Up Bottom
Down Strange
Top Charm
Up Quark
Up quarks are the lightest among all the quarks. They have maximum stability due to the lowest mass.
The symbol used is U, and its antiparticle is denoted by U.
The mass of Up quark ranges from 1.7 – 3.1 MeV / c2.
Its electronic charge is 2/3 e.
Down Quark
The down quark comes next to up quarks regarding its light mass. Therefore, it also has high stability.
Down quark is denoted by d, and its antiparticle is denoted by d.
The mass of down quark ranges from 4.1 – 5.7 MeV / c2.
Its electric charge is -1/3 e.
The Strange Quark
The strange quark comes under third lightest among all.
Strange quark is denoted by S, and its antiparticle is denoted by S.
Its electric charge is -1/3 e.
The Charm Quark
The meson which is called a J/Psi particle is an example of the charm quark.
Charm Quark is denoted by C, and its antiparticle is denoted by C.
The electric charge is a quark of +2/3.
The Top Quark
The Top quark is denoted by t and its antiparticle is denoted by t.
The mass of top quark is 172.9 + 1.5 GeV/c2.
Its electric charge is +2/3.
The Bottom Quark
The bottom quark is symbolized by b and its antiparticle is denoted by b.
The mass of bottom quark is approximately 4.1 GeV/c2.
Its electric charge is -1/3 e.
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Answer:
quark is one of the fundamental particles in physics. They join to form hadrons, such as protons and neutrons, which are components of the nuclei of atoms. The study of quarks and the interactions between them through the strong force is called particle physics.
The antiparticle of a quark is the antiquark. Quarks and antiquarks are the only two fundamental particles that interact through all four fundamental forces of physics: gravitation, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak interactions.
Quarks and Confinement
A quark exhibits confinement, which means that the quarks are not observed independently but always in combination with other quarks. This makes determining the properties (mass, spin, and parity) impossible to measure directly; these traits must be inferred from the particles composed of them.
These measurements indicate a non-integer spin (either +1/2 or -1/2), so quarks are fermions and follow the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
In the strong interaction between quarks, they exchange gluons, which are massless vector gauge bosons that carry a pair of color and anticolor charges. When exchanging gluons, the color of the quarks change. This color force is weakest when the quarks are close together and becomes stronger as they move apart.
Quarks are so strongly bound by the color force that if there is enough energy to separate them, a quark-antiquark pair is produced and binds with any free quark to produce a hadron. As a result, free quarks are never seen alone.
Flavors of Quarks
There are six flavors of quarks: up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top. The flavor of the quark determines its properties.
Quarks with a charge of +(2/3)e are called up-type quarks, and those with a charge of -(1/3)e are called down-type.
There are three generations of quarks, based on pairs of weak positive/negative, weak isospin. The first generation quarks are up and down quarks, the second-generation quarks are strange, and charm quarks, the third generation quarks are top and bottom quarks.
All quarks have a baryon number (B = 1/3) and a lepton number (L = 0). The flavor determines certain other unique properties, described in individual descriptions.
The up and down quarks make up protons and neutrons, seen in the nucleus of ordinary matter. They are the lightest and most stable. The heavier quarks are produced in high-energy collisions and rapidly decay into up and down quarks. A proton is composed of two up quarks and a down quark. A neutron is composed of one up quark and two down quarks.
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