Question

Explain about the religious and social reform movement of the 19th century

Answer 1

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The early nineteenth century saw the rise of “new social movements” such as feminism, the ecology movement or “greens,” the youth movement, the peace movement, and other initiatives aimed at legitimating personal identity or lifestyle. These movements worked outside formal institutional channels and deemphasized economic goals, instead focusing on the politicization of everyday life. This chapter looks at the “new social movements” and argues that they were not really novel because their major characteristics were also present in social movements in America during the early nineteenth century, particularly the labor movement. It thus refutes both notions of American exceptionalism and the historical claim that late twentieth-century social movements were of a fundamentally new kind. The chapter also explores identity politics and other features common to movements throughout the modern period, considering broad historical patterns in the activity, diversity, and integration of social movement fields.

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Answer 2

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Reformist

These movements responded with the time and scientific temper of the modern era.

Revivalist

These movements started reviving ancient Indian traditions and thoughts and believed that the western thinking ruined Indian culture and ethos.

BRAHMO SAMAJ (Reformist)



Founded in 1828 in Calcutta by pioneer social reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772 – 1833), the movement fought against idol worship, polytheism, caste oppression, unnecessary rituals and other social evils like Sati, polygamy, purdah system, child marriage, etc. The society also strove for women’s rights like widow remarriage and education of women. It also fought attacked prevailing superstitions among Hindus.

ARYA SAMAJ (Revivalist)



Founded in 1875 in Bombay by Swami Dayanand Saraswati, this society strove against idolatry, polytheism, rituals, priesthood, animal sacrifice, child marriage and the caste system. It also encourages the dissemination of western scientific knowledge.

THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY



Though Annie Besant’s name is most associated with this society, it was actually founded by Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott in New York (later shifted to Madras) in 1875. It promoted the study of ancient Hindu, Buddhist and Zoroastrian philosophies. It promoted the concept of universal brotherhood as expounded in the Upanishads and Vedas. It laid stress on occultism.

RAMAKRISHNA MISSION



This mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1892 in Belur near Calcutta to promote the teachings of Vivekananda’s Guru Ramakrishna Paramahansa. It opposed the caste system and untouchability. It focused on the universality of all religions and propagated Vedanta.

SATYASHODHAK SAMAJ



This society was founded by Jyotirao Govindrao Phule on 24 September 1873 in present-day Maharashtra. It campaigned against idolatry and the caste system. It advocated rational thinking and rejected priesthood. Jyotirao Phule is said to have used the term ‘Dalit’ for the oppressed castes.

YOUNG BENGAL MOVEMENT

This movement was started by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio in Calcutta in the 1820’s. Derozio was an Anglo-Indian college teacher in Calcutta and he encouraged radical thinking among his students. He criticised the prevailing religious practices of orthodox Hinduism. He also inspired free thinking and propagated the spirit of liberty, equality and freedom.