explain all the developed calculating device with developers name.
Answers
Answer: The first step in the direction of automatic calculation was taken in 1623, when the German astronomer Wilhelm Schickard (1592‑1635) constructed his "calculating clock", as he called it. This machine was capable of executing all four basic arithmetical operations: addition and subtraction it could perform purely mechanically, while multiplication and division required as well several interventions by the operator between entering the numbers and reading off the result. It used cylindrical elements which operated on the same principles as "Napier's bones".
On 20 September 1623, Schickard wrote as follows to his friend Kepler: "The calculations which you do by hand, I have recently attempted to achieve mechanically ... I have constructed a machine which, immediately and automatically, calculates with given numbers, which adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides. You will cry out with joy when you see how it carries forward tens and hundreds, or deducts them in subtractions . . ." Kepler would certainly have appreciated such an invention to aid his own work, much occupied as he then was by the calculations to create his tables of the movements of the planets and having no other tool than the logarithms invented by Napier.
For all that, this invention had no impact, neither on the general public for whom mechanical calculation had long been merely a purely theoretical idea, nor even on later inventions of calculating machines, since Schickard's one and only copy of his own machine was destroyed by fire on 22 February 1624.
Perhaps this fire was no accident: possibly a malicious spirit, no doubt prisoner of the obscurantism of the period, had whispered to him that the machine should be destroyed since ‑ endowed as it was with the ability to calculate according to the "sacred and inviolable" human spirit it must surely have emerged from the bowels of Hell!
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