Explain and derive coulomb's law.
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Class 12
Physics
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Answers
Coulomb’s law states that the electrostatic force between any two points is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Coulomb’s law gives us an idea about the amount of force between any two charged points separated by some distance.
When we say point charge, we are actually referring to the size of linearly charged bodies; which is very small as compared to the distance between them. For easier calculations of the force of attraction and repulsion, we consider them to be point charges.
We can also prove Coulomb’s law. Let us consider two charges, ‘q1‘ and ‘q2‘; separated by a distance ‘r.’ The force of attraction or repulsion is ‘F’;
F ∝ q1q2 or F ∝ 1/r2
Adding the constant of proportionality, we get;

In the above equation, k= 1/4 π ε0. ε0 describes the permittivity of a vacuum. The value of k is nearly 9 × 109 Nm2/ C^2; if we consider the value of ε0 in SI units as 8.854 × 10^-12 C^2 N^-1 m^-2.
Moreover, this theory also describes that like charges repel each other and opposite charges attract each other.

Vector Form of Coulomb’s Law
The physical quantities fall into two categories;
Scalar: with magnitude only
Vector: with a magnitude as well as direction
Force is a vector quantity. It has a magnitude and direction. Therefore, Coulomb’s law can also be written in the vector form. Again, considering the two charges q1 and q2; these charges have position vectors r1 and r2 respectively.
When the two charges q1 and q2 carry the same sign, a repulsive force prevails between them. The force F12 is because of the force of q2 on q1; the force F21 is because of the force of q1 on the charge q2. The vector from q1 to q2 will be r21; r21 = r2 – r1.
Now, we can easily denote the direction of the vector from r1 to r2 and from r2 to r1;

The force on q2 due to q1 in the vector form can, now, be written as:

The above equation represents the Coulomb’s law in the vector form. However, while following the vector form, certain points should be taken into consideration:
The vector form of the Coulomb’s law is independent of the nature of the sign carried by the charges because of the fact that both the forces are opposite in nature. F12 is the repulsive force because of q2 on q1; F21 is the repulsive force on q2 because of q1.

r12 is the position vector for force F12; r21 is the position vector for F21.

The signs of the vectors r21 and r12 are opposite in nature; therefore, they render forces with opposite signs. Now, we get to see that the Newton’s Third Law of Motion also validates the Coulomb’s law. Newton’s Third law states that to every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Moreover, Coulomb’s law describes the force between the two charges only when they are present in the vacuum; because the charges in the vacuum are free from interference from other particles.
hope it helps you ☆☆
Answer:
it is coulomb law is made my Newton law