Question

Explain any 4 objectives for man and animal conflict

Answer 1

Human–wildlife conflict refers to the interaction between wild animals and people and the resultant negative impact on people or their resources, or wild animals or their habitat. It occurs when growing human populations overlap with established wildlife territory, creating reduction of resources or life to some people and/or wild animals. The conflict takes many forms ranging from loss of life or injury to humans, and animals both wild and domesticated, to competition for scarce resources to loss and degradation of habitat.

Conflict management strategies earlier comprised lethal control, translocation, regulation of population size and preservation of endangered species. Recent management approaches attempt to use scientific research for better management outcomes, such as behaviour modification and reducing interaction. As human-wildlife conflicts inflict direct, indirect and opportunity costs, the mitigation of human-wildlife conflict is an important issue in the management of biodiversity and protected areas.

Answer 2

Conflict between wildlife and humans is any contact that harms humans, whether it be nature, animals or objects. The conflict between human and animal life is becoming a serious challenge for the survival of many endangered species, such as wild buffalo, tigers, elephants, leopards, lions, and so on, and this has an impact on not only their population.

Wildlife-human conflict is a major barrier to the world's wildlife protection and livelihoods and is becoming more prevalent as human populations rise, expand, global climate change and other human and environmental factors intensify competition between human and wildlife for a diminishing resources base.

Conflicts between wildlife and humans cost a lot of life, both humans and wildlife endangers the living conditions and endangers the long-term conservation goals such as the protection of protected areas and the development of communities in support of preservation of biodiversity.

Explanation:

Reasons for Human Animal Conflict

1. Road Network: India's highway network has expanded colossally as the economy grows and vehicle traffic increases. The density of traffic is rising by 10% per year. Part of the road network is extending into protected areas.   Besides fragmentation, roads are a grave threat to wildlife, as many wild animals are murdered by speed cars on a daily basis. Today, cars are driving at high speeds, coupled with poor vision and sluggish reaction time, which kills countless wildlife.
2. Livestock Grazing: Pasture in the forest leads to disputes between human and animal life, as carnivores are drawn to a simple prey and are direct enemies of animal grazers. Grazing by animals has severely endangered our fauna and their ecosystems.  The most startling impact is the reduction of the population of wild herbivores, as they have to compete with livestock. With more livestock grazing and nibbling, wild herbivores get less fresh biomass.  When animals eradicate palatable indigenous plant species, also unpalatable plant species enter the area. Livestock grazing is often one of the significant ties in conflict between human life and wildlife, as it also eliminates physical obstacles (elephant proof trap and sunscreen) to discourage wild animals from reaching crop fields in order to carry cattle into the forests. Particularly livestock pasture aids for the propagation of transmission  of communicable diseases from domestic to wild animals often lead to death of wild ungulates. This is very significant.  Heavy pasture grazing increases degradation of the soil in areas of forest.
3. Increase in Human Population: The growing number of people has also contributed to an increase in people's needs.  The settlements have also started to spread to the level of increasing populations in both urban and rural areas.  Near the outskirts of protected areas several people have occupied the forest areas and used them for their own gain.
4. Climate Change: Drought, water scarcity,  floods, forest fires, destruction of habitat and food aggravate the problem of human-animal conflict