Question

Explain any 5 properties based on which materials can be separated.

Answer 1

Answer:

•    Crystallization.

•    Filtration.

•    Decantation.

•    Sublimation.

•    Evaporation.

•    Simple distillation.

•    Fractional distillation.

•    Chromatography.

Answer 2

Answer:

1. Physical separation methods:

                   Physical separation methods, such as filtration and distillation, are based on the difference in particle size and on the boiling point of the substances in the mixture, respectively.

2. Filtration:

                  This is the simplest separation method, which can be conducted using basic household equipment. In daily life, it is applied in the separation of solids from the liquids in which they were cooked – pasta, for example.

3. Distillation:

                  In distillation, components of a liquid mixture are separated on the basis of the differences in their boiling temperatures. In its simplest form, distillation involves boiling the mixture and collecting the vapor in a condensation vessel, where it turns back into a liquid. The first vapors to appear are those of the substance whose boiling point is the lowest. As the boiling continues, the vapors of the next substance are captured in a different condensation vessel, and so on.

4. Chemical separation methods:

                Chemical separation methods, such as extraction and chromatography, are based on chemical interactions between the mixture’s components, or, to be more precise – the differences in the strengths of the interactions of the different materials in the mixture with another material which is not a part of it. Naturally, these interactions are based on the chemical properties of the materials to be separated.  

5. Extraction:

                  In extraction, a solute is extracted from its solvent. In liquid extraction, two non-mixing liquid phases are used. An organic substance (i.e., a carbon-based compound) dissolved in an aqueous phase moves to an organic phase from which it is extracted, or vice versa – the substance moves from the organic phase to the aqueous phase, from which it is extracted.

6. Chromatography:

                  Chromatography is an analytical chemistry method that enables not only to separate compounds, but also to identify them and determine their quantities. It is therefore an important tool in scientific research, the pharmaceutical industries, and forensics. The word comes from chromo, or “color,” and graphy, or “writing,” since it was originally developed by Mikhail Tsvet, a Russian-Italian botanist who studied chlorophyll, which gives leaves their green color. When separating a mixture of plant pigments he extracted.

7. Thin layer chromatography:

                    Thin layer chromatography is based on a similar principal, but in this case, the stationary phase is made of glass, aluminum paper, or plastic coated by an absorbing material, such as silica or aluminum oxide. This method is faster and more accurate than paper chromatography, and is commonly used in organic chemistry to evaluate the purity of a material and for the initial testing of component quantities in a mixture.

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