explain any four main provision of permanent settlement introduced in 1793
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Lord Cornwallis was the first Governor-General who paid his attention to the revenue reforms and achieved marvelous success.
It was the permanent land settlement of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. He reorganized the Board of Revenue which had the power of supervising the works of the revenue collectors.
The kanungos were the hereditary revenue officers since the time of Mughal.
The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II had granted the Dewani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the Company in 1765. When Cornwallis arrived in India, the system of land revenue which was in prevalence was that the farmer paid the tax to the Zamindar. The Zamindar collected the revenue and paid 9/10th to the state keeping l/10th for himself.
The system of annual settlement was in vogue. In 1772 Warren Hastings had introduced Quin-Quennial settlement or Five year settlement according to which the right of collection of revenue was given to the highest bidder for five years on contract basis. But this settlement failed and Warren Hastings resorted to annual settlement.
The condition of the peasants became deplorable. After his arrival in India Cornwallis found, “agriculture and trade decaying, Zamindars and rayots sinking into poverty and the money lenders the only flourishing class in the community.” In 1785 the Court of Directors permitted Cornwallis to implement a settlement with the Zamindars, at first for ten years and to be made permanent if it proved satisfactory. But in 1787 and in 1788 annual settlements were made.
In 1789 Cornwallis prepared rules for a Decennial settlement. Two different theories were held by Sir John Shore, the President of the Board of Revenue and Mr. James Grant, the Record Keeper with regard to the revenue settlement. John Shore maintained that the Zamindars were the owners of the land and the State had the right to a customary revenue from them. James Grant, on the other-hand held the view that the State was the owner of all land and the state had the right to make the settlement either with the Zamindar or the cultivator.
Ultimately, Cornwallis accepted the view of John Shore. In 1790 a settlement for ten years was made with the Zamindars who were recognized as the owners of the land. With the approval of the Court of Directors, the decennial Settlement was declared permanent on March 2, 1793.
It was the permanent land settlement of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. He reorganized the Board of Revenue which had the power of supervising the works of the revenue collectors.
The kanungos were the hereditary revenue officers since the time of Mughal.
The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II had granted the Dewani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the Company in 1765. When Cornwallis arrived in India, the system of land revenue which was in prevalence was that the farmer paid the tax to the Zamindar. The Zamindar collected the revenue and paid 9/10th to the state keeping l/10th for himself.
The system of annual settlement was in vogue. In 1772 Warren Hastings had introduced Quin-Quennial settlement or Five year settlement according to which the right of collection of revenue was given to the highest bidder for five years on contract basis. But this settlement failed and Warren Hastings resorted to annual settlement.
The condition of the peasants became deplorable. After his arrival in India Cornwallis found, “agriculture and trade decaying, Zamindars and rayots sinking into poverty and the money lenders the only flourishing class in the community.” In 1785 the Court of Directors permitted Cornwallis to implement a settlement with the Zamindars, at first for ten years and to be made permanent if it proved satisfactory. But in 1787 and in 1788 annual settlements were made.
In 1789 Cornwallis prepared rules for a Decennial settlement. Two different theories were held by Sir John Shore, the President of the Board of Revenue and Mr. James Grant, the Record Keeper with regard to the revenue settlement. John Shore maintained that the Zamindars were the owners of the land and the State had the right to a customary revenue from them. James Grant, on the other-hand held the view that the State was the owner of all land and the state had the right to make the settlement either with the Zamindar or the cultivator.
Ultimately, Cornwallis accepted the view of John Shore. In 1790 a settlement for ten years was made with the Zamindars who were recognized as the owners of the land. With the approval of the Court of Directors, the decennial Settlement was declared permanent on March 2, 1793.
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