Explain apple company fon tempenaar culture dimensions.?
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1. Universalism versus Particularism
In universalist culture ideas can be applied anywhere and there is always a definition that can be used to determine the distinction between right and wrong. Standards and values are important and can only be departed from after consultation. It is generally accepted that in similar situations people from different origins receive the same salary. In a particularistic culture, members believe that it the circumstances that determine how ideas can be applied in practice. Personal relationships and obligations play an important role when making ethical decisions. Status is important in this as a result of which for example salary is linked to reputation and origin.
2. Individualism versus Communitarianism
Individualism sees human beings as individuals, whereas communitarianism characterizes humanity as being part of a group. Fons Trompenaars says that the individualist culture is linked to the ideas of the western world, whereas the communitarian culture is linked to non-western countries. Cultures change continuously and sometimes they change more quickly than people realize. As an example, Fons Trompenaars mentions Mexico, which was predominantly communitarian at first. Influenced by the global economy, Mexico is now moving towards a more individualistic culture.
3. Neutral versus emotional
In a neutral emotions are controlled, whereas in an emotional culture emotions are expressed openly and spontaneously. Well-known trompenaars cultural dimensions countries of neutral cultures are Japan and Great Britain, where they frown upon being angry in public, laughing loudly or displaying any other emotional outbursts. In an emotional culture, however, this behaviour is allowed. Fons Trompenaars mentions countries such as the Spain and Mexico where people often laugh, talk loudly and greet each other enthusiastically. When people from a neutral culture do business with people from an emotional culture, they could be deterred by the other person’s behaviour. A good preparation and taking someone’s culture into consideration will prevent awkward situations.
4. Specific versus diffuse
In a specific culture, individuals have a large public space, which they share easily with other people. They also have a small private space which they share with good friends and close associates. People often approach each other informally in both the public and private space. In a diffuse culture the public space and the private space tend to be interwoven. People in a diffuse culture will therefore protect their private space because this will provide easy access to the public space. People from a diffuse culture attach great value to formality.
5. Achievement versus ascription
This concerns achieved status (achievement) versus ascribed (ascription) status. In an achievement-oriented culture, a person’s worth is determined on the basis of their performances and how well they perform their tasks. In a culture in which status is ascribed, status is based on who the person in question is. Their position is derived from for example origin, gender, age, career or a person’s career or position. When someone from an achievement-oriented culture does business with people from an ascription-oriented culture, it is advisable to deploy older, more experienced people who are familiar with formal customs and manners and who respect established titles.
In the contrary situation, it is important that people from an ascription-oriented culture make use of well-informed people who know exactly what the knowledge and skills are of people from an achievement-oriented culture. Fons Trompenaars says that there is often a mix, whereby culture determines on which elements from the Achievement or Ascription cultures the emphasis is put.
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